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Fourth Year > Mammaries, Sour Grapes > Flashcards

Mammaries, Sour Grapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mastitis?

A

Inflammation of the mammary gland with chemical and microbial changes, with increased leukocytes

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2
Q

2 types of mastitis

A

Cow associated -> source is infected mammary gland, severity depends on virulence factors

Environmental -> contamination of teat ends or intra-mammary tubes, mainly occur during drying off and in the weeks
before calving, likely to be clinical

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3
Q

3 bugs in environmental mastitis

A
  1. Streptococcus uberis (faeces,
    exotoxins)
  2. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (faeces, exotoxins)

Both strep are gram positive

  1. Escherichia coli (coliform) - gram negative, in faeces, endotoxins when killed

Others -> trueperella pyogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa

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4
Q

4 bugs in cow associated mastitis

A

Strep agalactia (frequent - only lives in mammary gland and human skin <6d)

Strep aureus (common) - skin, can live inside WBC’s and escape antibiotics

Mycoplasma bovis - lives everywhere

Corynebacterium bovis - causes abscess, lives on skin

Staph species minor pathogen

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5
Q

Pathogenesis of mastitis

A

Organism invades udder through teat canal

Migrates up canal and colonize secretory cells

Colonized organisms produce toxic substances harmful to the milk producing cells

Immune system reaction -> somatic cells

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6
Q

How long is teat suscpetible for after milking?

A

up to 30 mins the teat remains open

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7
Q

Trigger points for action in mastitis

A

5 clinical cases per 100 cows calved

> 15DIM = More than 2 clinical cases/100 cows in milk/month

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8
Q

Post milking teat disinfection guidelines

A

Mixed fresh daily with high quality water - dont top up when low, replace it

Emollients used like glycerin (never >10%), glycan, sorbitol

0.5% iodine solution

Ensure all surfaces dipped

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9
Q

Good hygiene practices

A

Avoid milk on hands and disinfect all milk from machinery, liners, people

Milk high cell count cows last

Water for cleaning - quality (soft), temperature, concentration, quantity to be sufficient to ensure all surfaces cleaned

Good drainage in cleaning cycle - reduce microbe contamination

Maintenance of machine

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10
Q

How often should liners be changed?

A

every 2000 milkings

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11
Q

How many milkings of colostrum should be discarded from the vat?

A

first 8 milkings or 10 for induced cows

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12
Q

Data that should be monitored in dairy

A

BMCC results
Milk collection temperatures
Atypical events - water, chemicals
Errors - human or otherwise
History of milk quality

Cleaning routine specifics
Plant inspection details

Strategic milk sampling

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13
Q

Different aspects in a mastitis herd health visit

A

Farm profile
Milk cultures
ICCC
Milking machine dry time
Performance tests of machine
Clinical cases
Teat condition
Cow behaviour
Teat disinfection
The environment

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14
Q

What number of ICCC is unlikely to have subclinical mastitis? WHen is she clinically affected?

A

<150,000 cells/ml unlikely

20-100,000 is normal

> 250,000 is clinical and above 400 is unfit for human consumption

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15
Q

What is the californian mastitis test?

A

Cow-side test which is used to assess the somatic cell count of the milk for cows in all four
quarters. It can be used to test for efficacy of treatment after a bout of mastitis, or to double check a cows ICC

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16
Q

California milk test method and scoring

A
  1. Discard the foremilk
  2. 2 squirt from each quarter into the cup
  3. Add equal volume of CMT reagent
  4. Swirl and look for reaction in 8 seconds

Scoring:

0 is negative -> 0-200,000 cells and 0-25% neutrophils

T is trace (slight precipitate) -> 100-500 thousand and 30-40% neutrophils

1 is weak positive (precipitate but no gel) -> 400 to 1.5million cells and 40-60% neutrophils

2 is positive (gel) -> 800 to 5 million cells, 60-70% neutrophils

3 is strong positive (viscous gel) -> >5 million cells, 70-80% neutrophils

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17
Q

How long are californian mastitis test results valid for?

A

2h as leucocytes degenerate

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18
Q

Drying off guidelines - rate of reducing milk production + feeding

A

Dry off between 5-12L a day and reduce production to <12L a day by reducing feed intake to maintenance

Put into a clean paddock

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19
Q

Adminstering dry cow therapy guidelines

A

Identify udders of dry cows
Record cow ID, date and product

Allow for 20 cows/h

Sanitise the teat end after treatment

Minimise leakage by reducing walking and activity

Look for swollen quarters in the paddock, for heat and pain, only strip the problem quarter

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20
Q

When to cull cows with mastitis

A

Cows with 3+ clinical cases of mastitis during a lactation

A high ICCC during the previous lactation where she was dry cow treated and continued to have issues this lactation

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21
Q

Economic losses due to mastitis

A

Loss of milk production = discarded and WHP for antibiotics

Fibrosis of udder

Penalties for high SCC

Cost of vet, death in peracute cases, premature culling of cows

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22
Q

Treatment plan for peracute case of mastitis

A

IVFT - sepsis
NSAID

Tylosin - macrolide for mycoplasma, similar to erythromycin but less active against gram negatives.

Erythromycin - macrolide, lipid soluble. Good for gram positives. Resistance in mycoplasma bovis.

Trimethroprim + sulphonamide - macrolides. Not for mycoplasma. At low doses struggles to get to mammary gland. Gram negative efficacy

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23
Q

Treatment plan for acute mastitis

A

Tylosin - mycoplasma
Erythromycin - gram pos
TMS - gram negatives, multiple quarter infections

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24
Q

Chronic mastitis treatment

A

dry cow therapy

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25
What is selective DCT?
When only cows with history of elevated ICCC or clinical mastitis get antibiotic therapy at dry off Administered at last milking of lactation
26
How much does each clinical mastitis case cost?
300-400
27
What cows should samples be taken from if clinical cases are the presenting problem, or if high cell counts are the problem?
Clinical cases -> all cases as they are detected high SCC -> selection for sampling based on mastitis history or recent ICCC
28
ICCC analysis purpose + unacceptable rate of new infection for heifers What classifies a persistent infection?
Estimate rate of new infection in herd, get an idea of age/stage of lactation or management in all groups Get proportion of cows above 250,000 in each group Unacceptable rate of new infection is more than 20% of heifers being above 250,000 by end of 1st lactation Estimate number of persistent infection -> above 250 in last and this lactation Identify cows for foremilk stripping
29
How manny ICCC should be taken in a lactation?
At least 5 to get an idea of status of cow during a lactation
30
What does a california mastitis test use for reagent?
Alkyl arysulfonate and bromcresol purple Lysis cells and polymerises DNA - the more gel the more DNA from nucleated cells
31
Milk fat % Milk protein %
3.2-4.8 for fat 2.9-3.2 for protein
32
Milk protein to milk fat ratio
0.85 ideal
33
protein to fat ratio indicative of SARA
>0.95
34
protein to fat ratio indicative of ketosis
<0.75
35
Fermentation sites in cows
Rumen Caecum Colon
36
Factors for microbial growth
pH close to neutral 6-7 Temp 39 degrees Rate of flow - slow enough for multiplication of microbes
37
Major microbes
Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Methanogens Bacteriophages
38
Symbiotic relationship between rumen microbes and cows
Digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose Provide high quality protein + B vitamins Detoxification of toxic compounds end product of anaerobic microbial metabolism - VFAs
39
3 VFAs and what increases them
Acetate -> increased with high fibre Propionate -> increased with high starch Butyrate -> varies with diet
40
What does accumulation of VFAs result in?
Decreases pH and suppresses fermentation Host animal maintains conditions for fermentation by buffering with saliva and removing VFAs via absorption through rumen papillae
41
Sources of protein
True protein and non-protein nitrogen (urea)
42
Urea cycling process
NOn-protein nitrogen sources - nitrate, urea, ammonia Urea is a nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver Monogastric - excreted in kidneys Rumen -> excreted into rumen via blood or saliva and used in protein production
43
What vitamins do bacteria make in the large intestine?
most of required vitamins K and B produced by colonic bacteria
44
Non-fermentative function of large intestine
Absorption of water and electrolytes Net absorption of H20, Na, Cl and bicarb and net secretion of K+
45
Aetiopathogenesis of acidosis
Excessively rapid fermentation of excess carbohydrate, causing a shift in VFA metabolism and a decrease in rumen pH Accumulation of lactic acid due to lactobacillus and strep bovis which become predominant species in pH <5 = ruminal acidosis, metabolic acidosis Saliva buffering requires enough roughage and particle size SARA = accumulation of VFAs but not lactic acid
46
Rumenocentesis of acidotic cow
Milky green-brown pH <5
47
Clinical signs of ruminal acidosis
Anorexic, dull, ataxic, colic, tachycardic, splashing sounds, profuse water light green diarrhoea, enophthalmos, decreased feed intake
48
Treatment of ruminal acidosis
Left flank laparotomy to remove rumen fluid Transfaunation of rumen fluid from healthy cow IVFT Treat metabolic acidosis if present Antimicrobials > procaine pen G to prevent rumenitis, bacterial hepatitis and formation of liver abscesses Vitamin B
49
Treatment of lameness
Hoof trimming foot wedges to take weight off problem claw If infected, treat
50
Risk factors for lameness
Poor dairy enterance rough surface long walking distances nutrition wet ground
51
6 major causes of lameness
1. White line disease 2. Sole injury 3. Sole bruising 4. Axial wall crack 5. Footrot 6. Digitial dermatitis
52
Pathophysiology of white line disease
Separation of the wall from the sole * Caused by pressure and poor cow flow leading to cows twisting and turning on hooves * Mechanical injury from abrasive surfaces * Wet conditions soften claw horn
53
Treatment of white line disease
* Pare away wall, remove underrun hoof * Create drainage by smoothing edges of pared area so dirt cannot pack in * Lift weight off affected claw by placing block/cowslip on unaffected claw * Treat with antibiotics or NSAIDs if required
54
Sole injury pathophys
Sole penetration Sole abscess Underrun sole
55
Sole injury treatment
* Remove all underrun sole and any hoof wall underrun by abscess * Create drainage hole, but make sure no gravel/dirt can get trapped * Apply cowslip or block to unaffected claw * Treat with antibiotics or NSAIDs hh
56
Sole bruising at risk cows and treatment
first calvers If one claw affected, apply cowslip to unaffected claw If both claws affected, keep animal close to shed
57
Axial wall crack pathophysiology
A crack in the inside of the claw at the join of the hoof wall and the sole. * Overgrown toes * Uneven walking surfaces * Corkscrew claws * Traumatic injury or disease
58
Axial wall crack treatment
Pare underrun hoof wall in axial groove to prevent formation of proud flesh Place cowslip or block
59
Digital dermatitis pathophysiology
* Infection of the digital/interdigital skin * Most commonly caused by Spirochaetes but many bacteria have been implicated * Water, mud, urine and faeces * Presence of bacteria Cow to cow via environment
60
Digital dermatitis treatment
Clean ulcer Dry and spray with antibiotic spray (oxytetracycline) and let dry and repeat Hygiene of herd and dairy Good biosecurity protocol Regular foot baths (copper sulfate)
61
Footrot pathophysiology - interdigital necrobacillosus
Bacterial infection in interdigital space pungent odour, symmetrical swelling, interdigital skin necrosis Mixed bacterial infection
62
Footrot treatment
Investigate interdigital space Clean the cleft and remove foreign objects or dead tissue Spray the cleaned cleft with an antiseptic/iodine Check claws for other lesions Antibiotics
63
Advice for reducing lameness
* Rubber laneways * Avoid walking cows long distances * Keep the dairy dry * Make sure the stocking density isn’t so high that the cows are standing in manure * Have good biosecurity to prevent digital dermatitis entering the farm
64
Data required for fertility monitoring
Calving - dystocia, caesar, dead Oestrus - where no serve occurs (VWP) Service - sire, AI/natural, inseminator Pregnancy diagnosis result Other fertility vet exams Metrtitis Endometritis Abortion
65
When should fertility visits occur?
Every week or fortnight
66
What things could deem a cow as needing action on a fertility visit?
Post natal checks at 21d PP Vulval discharge Oestrus not observed by specfic stage of lactation -> eg 24d after VWP Pregnancy diagnosis Repeat breeder cows Cows overdue
67
What is the herd calving index?
Average of calving intervals in the herd - commonly used as measure of overall performance Useful indicator of long term performance but poor monitor when used alone -> retrospective and influenced by culling stratgey
68
What does the proportion of pregnancy diagnosis that are positive tell us?
Detection of returns to service, and gives an idea of pregnancy rate Should be >80% in herds where pregnancy rate is >40%
69
What does the number of cycling cows presented as ONO at each visit tell us?
Heat detection - especially for cows due for first service
70
What does calving to conception interval provide
Similar info to calving index but less retrospective as the end point successful service marked by pos preg test (occurs far sooner than next calving as in calving index)
71
How long is pregnancy
280d
72
What does submission for service encompass?
Oestrus expression and detection as well as post partum return to cyclicity
73
What is the first service submission rate?
Proportion of cows receiving first service within 24d of becoming eligible (eg after VWP) Most cows should have oestrus within 24d of VWP
74
What is the return to service submission rate?
proportion of failed serves (not leading to preg) which a subsequent serve occurs 18-24d later Should be lower than first service submission rate
75
What is clinical metritis characterised by?
Purulent uterine discharge with abnormally enlarged uteris within 21d calving but no other clinical signs
76
Factors affecting oestrus expressoin
Lameness Pain Stress Mastitis High yielding cows - express for less time or less intensely Non-slip, squishy floors - help Prefer outdoor loafing for oestrus behaviour rather than inside Time spent in milking -> 3x a day, less time for oestrus more time in holding yards
77
How much loafing area is required for each cow?
2-3m2 per cow minimum
78
How does NEB affect pregnancy rate?
Risk factor for retained fetal membranes, metritis, ketosis, disaplced abomasum Low IGF-1 -> decreased response of ovary to gonadotropins
79
When should cows be AI'd after showing first signs of oestrus?
No later than 10-12 hours later
80
Organisms and diseases spread through reproduction
Tritrichomonas fetus Campylobacteriosis Mycoplasma Ureaplasma IBR BVDV
81
Acquiring mastitis samples
Good aseptic technique - wash and dry teats well with disinfectant, squirt 6 times and repeat Immediately fridge or freeze Pre-milking are more diagnostic than post milking label tube with cow id, quarter, date
82
For every 100,000 cell/ml increase in BMCC, how many cows are infected?
8-10% increase in proportion of cows infected in the herd
83
Aims when attempting to control mastitis
Reduce prevalence of infection - number and duration of existing infection, as well as new infection Cull chronic cows Best chance to cure chronic cows is in the dry period Decifer if its environmental or contagious
84
Mastitis investigation approach
1. establish goals and herd targets 2. Assess current practice and find deficiencies 3. Evaluate data - SCC and clinical mastitis data from at least past 18 months to detect patterns of disease 4. Determine source of infection and control measures 5. Monitor outcomes
85
3 ways to reduce herd prevalence of mastitis infection
Dry off infected quarters cull treat
86
Things associated with poorer prognosis of cure in mastiis
Chronic high cell count Severe teat lesions Other health problems Delay in initiation of treatment Increasing parity more than 1 quarter affected Beta-lactamase producing s.aureus Fibrosis of mammary gland
87
Define lameness
The clinical presentation of impaired locomotion
88
Where does most lameness occur?
Hind feet Mostly due to claw lesions with remainder being limb lesions
89
4 causes of lameness
Sole ulcer White line disease Digital dermatitis Interdigital necrobacillosis
90
Economic losses of lameness
Infertility - anoestrus or not wanting to stand Culling Reduction in milk yield Treatment costs Professional fees
91
Lameness scale 1-5
1. Stands and walks with a level back posture; gait is normal 2 Stands with level back but arched back when walking; gait is normal 3 Arches back when walking and standing; gait is affected 4 Arched back posture always evident; gait shows deliberate steps 5 Inability or extreme reluctance to bear weight on one or more limbs
92
Mobility index industry benchmark
90%
93
Industry benchmark values for lameness score 4 and 5
0.5% for both
94
How often should locomotion scoring occur? What should it be concurrent with?
every 2-4wks to detect subclinical and clinical lameness Routine evaluation of claw health, hoof trimming and abnormality detection
95
Why is BMCC useful to monitor herd mastitis?
Daily updates Indirect measure of subclinical in herd - approximate infection level Easy access to information Sudden increase suggests a clinical case is present
96
Benchmark for 3-5 lameness score
10%
97
TCM period
3 weeks prior to 4 weeks post calving
98
Does DMI decrease around calving?
Yes by 30% - and more so in cows in high BCS
99
Which cows are more at risk of lameness?
Cows with poor BCS at calving and lactation BCS is positively correlated with thickness of digital cushion
100
Methods to reduce lameness
Feed pregnant heifers a high dry matter diet and limit BCS loss prior to calving
101
What decreases with SARA?
Milk fat Rumen pH -> less than 5.5 is clinical
102
SARA MOA
Excessive fermentation of sugars and starches with inadequate fibre and buffering of the rumen Poor TCM, feeding high fermentable food, high starch, low fibre, excess finely ground particles
103
Ketosis NEFA cutoffs 2 weeks and 1 week prior to calving
NEFA increases prior to calving anyway 1 weeks prior = <0.6mmol/L (any more is a risk) 2 weeks prior = <0.3mmol/l is appropriate
104
Type 1 ketosis is:
where nutritional demands after calving are not met 3-6 weeks post calving Bad yields and poor fertility
105
Type II ketosis is:
Associated with fatty infiltration of the liver Elevated NEFA immediately post calving BHB's elevated 5d post calving
106
Collecting samples for ketosis
Tail/jugular Will increase with haemolysis so separate within few hours and freeze/chill
107
Reasons for buffering failure
Not ruminating or chewing new food Inadequate fibre length (5-10cm) - to form fibre mat in rumen to trap in food for microbial digestion Feeding high fermentable foods Poor cow comfort - less lying/ruminating time
108
What increases acetate?
Structural carbohydresa (cellulose, hemicellulose) Need acetate to make milk fat
109
What increases proprionate?
Non-structural carbohydrates
110
What VFA does milk fat rely on?
Acetate
111
What do VFA's do in SARA?
Propionate (from non-structural carb) = increases Acetate = decreases = less milk fat
112
Prevalence of lameness score 2 for a cause of investigation
More than 5% prevalence of lameness score 2 cows is cause to investigate acidosis as a possible factor in a lameness problem
113
Targets for ketosis, hypocal, clinical mastitis and lameness in the herd
<3-5% ketosis and hypocal in the herd <2-5% clinical mastitis cases a month <5% lameness (<10% claw abnormalities)
114

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