Doping Control Flashcards by Sarah Neufeld

What are the violations that define doping according to CADP?

presence of a prohibited substance (or metabolites or markers) in an athlete’s sample

use or attempted use of prohibited substance

evading, refusing, failing to submit to sample collection

whereabout failures - 3 missed tests and/or filing failure within 12 month period

tampering or attempted tampering with doping control

possession of prohibited substances or methods by an athlete or athlete support person

trafficking or attempted trafficking

administration or attempted administration of a prohibited substance or method to an athlete

complicity (assisting, encouraging, aiding, covering up, etc.)

prohibited association

actsby an athlete or other person to discourage or retaliate against reporting to authorities

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Why is doping an ethical decision?

1) personal choice that some athletes make

2) decision influenced by a negative sporting environment

3) wrong choice for sport!

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Doping is prohibited by what organizations?

International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Sports Federations
National Sports Organizations
USport
The Canadian Government
Provincial Sport Governing Bodies (PSGBs)

Many professional sports have their own doping control rules

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When did the World Anti-Doping Code become in effect?

When was the new code put in place?

2003

new code: Jan 1, 2021

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Are athletes of all ages and levels subject to the same anti-doping rules and procedures around the world?

yes

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What is the application of the World Anti-Doping Code in Canada?

The Canadian Anti-Doping Program (CADP)

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What are 2 of the key additions to the 2021 CADP?

after an anti-doping rule violation, the Sport Organization must conduct a review and report the outcome and any steps for improvement to the CCES

CADP includes a new category called ‘substances of abuse’. Athletes who commit violations for these substances have the ability to reduce their sanction should they complete treatment programs.

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Who can get tested for doping?

Anytime, anywhere
CCES has the right to test any athlete who is a member with a national sport organization (NSO), and by association members of provincial organizations

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What are the sanctions for first violations as of 2021?

4 year period of ineligibility (if intent to cheat) or 2 years if individual can prove no intent to cheat

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What are the current sanctions for second doping violation?

typically results in a lifetime ban or a longer period of ineligibility

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What happens after an adverse analytical (positive) finding?

all athlete have a right to a hearing

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What is a team sports violation?

when more than one member of a team in a team sport has been notified of an anti-doping rule violation
the event shall conduct appropriate target testing of the team during the event

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What are the consequences for team sports doping violations?

more than 2 members of a team found to have committed an anti-doping rule violation during an event period, the ruling body of the event shall impose an appropriate sanction of the team (ex. loss of points, disqualification from a competition or event, or other sanction) in addition to any consequences imposed upon the individual athletes committing the anti-doping rule violation

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2 of what 3 criteria must be met for a substance or method to be included on the WADA prohibited list.

use of a substance or method:
- potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance
- represents an actual or potential health risk
- violates the spirit of sport

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How does WADA define the ‘Spirit of Sport’?

Ethics, fairplay, honesty
health
excellence in performance
character and education
fun and joy
teamwork
dedication and commitment
respect for the rules and laws
respect for self and other participants
courage
community and solidarity

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What are some of the things prohibited in sport?

steroids
EPO
human growth hormones
insulin
platelet-derived prep (blood spinning)
beta-2 agonists (salbutamol)
diuretics and masking agents
stimulants
cannabinoids
narcotics
etc.

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If it can be shown that use was not intended to enhance performance, what are the 1st and 2nd violations?

1 - range from a warning and reprimand, to a one-year period of ineligibility

2 - 2 years’ ineligibility to a lifetime suspension

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What are non-approved substances?

any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the WADA list and with no current approval by any gov regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use

includes drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use - prohibited at all times

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When does testing occur for substances that are prohibited at all times?

testing can take place anytime and anywhere

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For substances prohibited at all times, what do athletes in the CCES registered testing pool have to do?

submit whereabouts information on a regular basis and can be tested at anytime

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When are substances prohibited in-competition tested?

How are these athletes selected to be tested?

at competitions, from the opening tournament or event to the end of the event

athletes can be selected based on finished position BUT also by random selection

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What types of substances are prohibited at all times? (in and out of competition)

Anabolic agents (exogenous and endogenous)
Peptide hormones
Growth Factors
(and related)
all beta-2 agonists
(all optical isomers)
hormone and metabolic modulators
diuretics and masking agents
manipulation of blood and components
chemical and physical
manipulation
gene doping

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Explain endogenous vs. exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids.

exogenous - there are over 40 different substances no ordinarily capable of being produced by the body naturally

endogenous - over 20 different substances that are capable of being produced in the body naturally

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When is an endogenous anabolic androgenic steroid prohibited?

at all times - if a positive test resulted due to it deviating from the range normally found in humans

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What are anabolic steroids?

sex hormones that promotes the development and maintenance of the male characteristics, and anabolic effects: increased skeletal muscle mass and strength hypertrophy of muscle fibres, leading to faster recovery and regeneration of muscle tissue

What are side effects of anabolic steroids?

acne increased blood cholesterol, heart disease liver damage premature balding psychological disturbances shorter than predicted height

What are the effects of human growth hormone?

stimulates growth and cell reproduction and regeneration in humans HGH causes a reduction in body fat (lipolytic) and an increase in muscle mass (anabolic) is used with growth deficient children to aid with physical growth

What naturally stimulates HGH?

HGH is stimulated naturally in the body by sleep, exercise, and some amino acids

What are the side effects of HGH?

muscle and joint pain, joint swelling, increased risk of diabetes, etc.

Are all beta-2 agonists prohibited at all times?

Yes, but there are exceptions inhaled salbutamol (max. 1600mg over 24hrs) inhaled formoterol (max. 54mg over 24hrs) inhalted salmeterol - with recommended intake

What are 2 forms of manipulation of blood and blood components?

1) blood doping 2) artificially enhancing uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen to the blood

What are 2 forms of chemical and physical manipulation?

1) tampering or attempting to tamper, in order to alter the integrity and validity of samples collected during doping controls is prohibited 2) intravenous infusions and/or injections of more than 50ml per 6hr period (unless medically justified)

What involved with gene doping is prohibited?

1) transfer of polymers of nucleic acids or nucleic acid analogues 2) the use of normal or genetically modified cells

What are some of the common stimulants prohibited 'in competition'?

common stimulants: adrenaline, amphetamines, cocaine, methamphetamines, ecstasy, ephedrine

What substances and methods are prohibited in competition?

stimulants narcotics cannabinoids glucocorticoids beta-blockers pseudoephedrine

What is ephedrine? What does it cause?

structurally similar to amphetamines acts as a general stimulant on many parts of the body simultaneously, claims to: - increase alertness - speed up metabolism - aids in weight loss - enhances athletic performance - mental sharpness

What amount of ephedrine results in a positive test?

10mcg/ml in urine

Is ephedrine banned from the market?

negative health risks was banned in 2004, but returned in 2005

Is pseudoephedrine prohibited for in-competition testing? What is it commonly found in?

since Jan 1 2010, it's back on the prohibited list commonly found in over the counter cough and cold medication

Why are cannabinoids abused for sport?

relieve tension, calming effect, less inhibition not performance enhancing for most sports, but some

Is the presence of cannabinoids or its metabolites in your body an anti-doping rule violation?

yes

how long can cannabis remain in your system?

over an extended period of time - over a month

Is cannabis have a classification as a specified substance?

yes, but still considered a first time anti-doping violation

What is disturbing about the use of cannabis for athletes? resulting in what ban?

can be laced with cocaine typically leads to a 2-yr ban from competitive sport

What is the most common drug leading to a positive result for in-competition testing?

cannabis

How has CCES made changes to how cannabis anti-doping rules are applied for student-athletes who compete only in USPORTS or Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) events?

cannabis remains a substance prohibited "in competition" under the WADA Prohibited List for these athletes only - for these athletes only, the CCES will not analyze samples for cannabinoids. These athletes will not receive an adverse analytic finding or positive test for cannabis.

What student-athletes do not fall under the revised protocol and will be analyzed for full menu of prohibited substances including cannabis?

also in their sport's National Athlete Pool Competing in non-USPORTS or non-CCAA event attending an international event where the CCES does not have jurisdiction - ex. FISU or World Championship

All glucocorticoids are prohibited when administered how?

oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal routes

What sports are beta-blockers only prohibited for in-competition?

archery, automobile, darts, golf, mini-golf, shooting, skiing/snowboarding, underwater sports

Is caffeine a prohibited substance?

no, but on the WADA monitoring program

What does strict liability mean?

anti-doping violation occurs whenever a prohibited substance is found in an athlete's body whether or not the athlete intentionally or unintentionally used a prohibited substance or was negligent or otherwise at fault Ignorance is no excuse

To check if you are taking a prescribed medication that is banned in sport, what tool can you use?

globalDRO

What are therapeutic use exemptions?

when you have to use a prohibited substance for a medically justified reason, you have to apply for a therapeutic use exemption to the CCES

How long is a TUE valid for?

one year, has to be reviewed annually

Are USPORT and Canada Games athletes who are not affiliated to any other NSO required to submit TUE's prior to testing?

No - retroactive submission process is in effect

What is an ABP?

Athlete biological passport - used to monitor an athlete's blood profile to look for markers of blood doping

What sports is an athlete biological passport used for?

endurance/aerobic sports

What is the Steroidal Module of the ABP?

used by WADA to detect markers of steroid doping - implemented with power/strength athletes

What are the athlete's rights during doping testing?

accompanying representative additional info request a delay in reporting to doping control station for valid reason only - chaperoned during delay request modifications if you are a minor right to comment on the sample collection process or report any perceived procedural irregularities

What are the athlete's responsibilities during doping testing?

in sight of notifying chaperone at all times provide valid ID comply with sample collection procedures report to doping control station immediately upon notification maintain control of your sample until it is sealed ensure info on Doping Control Form is accurate and complete bring attention to doping control officer of any modifications required if you are a minor or athlete with a disability