Doping In Sport Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is the motto of the International Olympic Committee?
Citius, Altius, Fortius (Faster, Higher, Stronger)
Proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894.
What does the ‘Goldman Dilemma’ survey indicate about athletes’ willingness to use banned substances?
195 out of 198 athletes would take a banned substance if it guaranteed a win and they wouldn’t be caught
Over 50% would take a drug that ensured victory for five years at the cost of their life.
What notable event did Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson’s doping case lead to?
The Dubin Inquiry (1990)
Resulted in 70 recommendations including improved testing and stricter sanctions.
What is the current name of the Canadian Anti-Doping Organization, originally launched in 1991?
Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES)
It merged with Fair Play Canada in 1992.
What prompted the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)?
Police seizures of prohibited substances from professional cycling teams at the 1988 Tour de France
WADA’s head office moved to Montreal in 2001.
What is the purpose of the WADA Code?
To harmonize anti-doping policies, rules, and regulations worldwide
The Code was created in 2004 and has been revised multiple times.
What are the eight mandatory International Standards established by WADA?
- Code Compliance by Signatories
- Education
- Prohibited List
- Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)
- Testing and Investigations
- Laboratories
- Results Management
- Protection of Privacy and Personal Information
Adherence to these standards is mandatory for compliance with the WADA Code.
What constitutes a WADA anti-doping violation?
Presence of a prohibited substance, use of a prohibited substance, evading sample collection, whereabouts failures, tampering, possession, trafficking, administration, complicity, prohibited association
These violations can lead to severe penalties for athletes.
What are the criteria for a substance to be included on the WADA Prohibited List?
- Potential to enhance sport performance
- Health risk to the athlete
- Violates the spirit of sport
A substance can also be included if it masks the use of a prohibited substance.
What substances are prohibited at all times according to WADA?
- S0 Non-approved Substances
- S1 Anabolic Agents
- S2 Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics
- S3 Beta-2 Agonists
- S4 Hormone and Metabolic Modulators
- S5 Diuretics and Other Masking Agents
- M1 Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer
- M2 Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation
- M3 Gene Doping
These substances can lead to disqualification and sanctions.
What is the purpose of the Athlete Biological Passport?
Indirect detection of doping by serial measurement of biomarkers
This method focuses on changes in biological markers over time rather than direct detection of substances.
Who gets tested for doping?
- National and international competitors
- Athletes in higher doping risk sports
- University-level athletes
Testing can occur within 18 months of an athlete’s retirement.
What is considered a whereabouts failure?
Three missed tests and/or filing failures in a 12-month period
This can result in a doping rule violation.
What types of samples are tested for doping?
- Urine
- Venous blood
- Athlete Biological Passport
The Athlete Biological Passport is reviewed by an expert.
Fill in the blank: The World Anti-Doping Agency was created in response to the _______ at the 1988 Tour de France.
Police seizure of prohibited substances
True or False: Glucocorticosteroids are prohibited if administered topically.
False
Topical administration is not prohibited; injections and oral administration are.
What is the washout period for oral administration of glucocorticoids?
3 days for all glucocorticoids except triamcinolone acetonide, which has a 30-day washout period.
What constitutes a whereabouts failure?
A whereabouts report (filing failure) or if a doping control officer can’t find the athlete during a 60-minute time slot (missed test)
Three whereabouts strikes/failures in a 12-month period may result in a doping rule violation.
What types of samples are tested for doping?
- Urine
- Venous blood
- Athlete Biological Passport
The Athlete Biological Passport is an indirect detection method using serial measurement of biomarkers.
What are the three modules of the Athlete Biological Passport?
- Hematological (detects blood doping)
- Steroidal (detects anabolic doping)
- Endocrinological (detects growth factor doping)
Each module is reviewed by an expert in the field.
What are Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)?
Authorization for athletes to use prohibited medications due to medical conditions
Examples include insulin for Type 1 diabetes and diuretics for high blood pressure.
Who must complete a TUE application?
The physician prescribing the prohibited medication(s)
TUE applications should be pre-approved but retroactive applications can be accepted in emergencies.
What happens if an ‘A’ sample tests positive?
- Internal review for TUE
- NSO and athlete notified of an AAF
- Athlete may request B sample analysis
- Positive test made public
- Athlete may admit to violation and waive hearing
- Doping tribunal hearing may be held
- Possible appeal
- Sanction may be imposed
AAF stands for Adverse Analytical Finding.
What does a sanction refer to in anti-doping?
A period of ineligibility to participate in sport
This includes participation in any role, competition, or level of sport.
