DP content flashcards
population structure + characteristics varying from place to place over time and how past + present connections have shaped c/d characteristics (72 cards)
1
Q
Demographic Transition Model
A
- populations expected to fall and rise ‘naturally’ due to inc developt
- populations will grow if the birth rate in + death rate dec
- has 4 stages
2
Q
stage 1 of the demographic transition model
A
- high birth and death rate = total pop tends to be quite low + there isn’t much change in pop size.
- country is poorly developed = little wealth to spend on services such as health education
- most employmnt in primary industries (farming, mining) = intensive labour + low income.
- high birth rates due to lack of access to contraception, religious beliefs, lack of education
- high death rates due to lack of safe drinking water and sanitation, malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare.
3
Q
stage 2 of the demographic transition model
A
- death rates begin to dec while birth rate stays high = pop size starts to inc.
=> bc country becomes more developed = more money spent on hospitals + doctors. = less ppl dying. - basic knowledge of sanitation + transmission
- improvmts in farmin + mining practices (machinery) = red fatalities in work.
- secondary industry (manufacturing and production)
will also develop = offers high-paid + more secure jobs = income more consistent + SOL improves
4
Q
stage 3 of the demographic transition model
A
- death rate continues to dec while birth rates dec = pop expands more rapidly
- women have more rights = more education + acces to contraception + family-planning advice
- focus placed on career may = women have childnre later + having less children or no children at all.
- move away from the primary industry = families dont need children to work on the land.
5
Q
stage 4 of the demographic transition model
A
- birth rate + death rates are much lower and have plateaued.
- yet pop continues to inc for MEDC (more economicaly developed countries) as migrants from other countries are attracted to job opps + the better QOL provided.
- if controlled = mig can fill skills gaps + keep services and industries growing.
6
Q
what does the DTM (demographic transition model) suggest?
A
suggests that there is a correlation between the development
of a country and its birth and death rates + any changes to these rates r gradual
- few exceptions ; UAE, whose sudden population growth is predominantly due to economic growth.
7
Q
what does the DTM not consider?
A
- doesn’t consider countries whose development worsens; countries devastated by conflict or natural disaster.
e.g. Haiti EQ in 2010 ; still hasnt recovered + has experienced :
-> annual hurricane season = strom surges + sever winds + threatens temp shelters for the displaced.
-> cholera epidemic (9200 lives by 2016) = Artibonite River became contaminated w sewage.
-> 2 years after EQ, only half the rubble created was cleared.
8
Q
UK population structure
A
- unevenly distributed due to condition of the land in the area.
- 84% live in england = low-lying hospitable land
- denser pop in major cities + concentrated along the south coast
- lowest pop density in rural areas
- rapid growth in areas of economic developt L+SE
- declining pop at scottish coast (up N) from lack of job opps + counter-urbanisation from deindustrialised cities e.g. bradford
9
Q
reasons for UK pop changes
A
- birth rates inc
- birth rates dec
- death rates dec
- death rates inc
- inc in inward international migration.
10
Q
birth rates inc due to :
A
- pop growth = no. of child-bearing ppl inc so rate of pop growth inc
- govt policy = maternity/paternity leave.
11
Q
birth rates dec due to
A
- use of contraception = more widespread = free access thru NHS + sex ed in schools.
- religion = britains becoming less religious = more atheists = use contraception + get married later + feel less pressured to have children
- inc financial cost = choosing to have no/less children.
- advancement of women = more women wish to pursue a career = postpone having children
12
Q
death rates dec due to
A
- advancement in medicine = diseases being eradicated + access to healthcare has improved
- immunisation to diseases
- clean water + sanitation = 96% ok uk households connected to main sewage system + 100% have access to clean water = red risk of water-borne diseases + diarrhoea.
13
Q
death rate inc due to
A
-LIFESTYLE CHOICES
- smoking and alcohol consumpt = lung + liver cancer
- unbalanced diet = obesity + type 2.
14
Q
inc in inward international migrations due to :
A
- political alliances esp with commonwealth countries.
- lower price of long distance travel
- war + conflict
- inc job opps
15
Q
changes to the uk in the 1960s
A
- large scale housing prod = prov working class with new houses + some social housing built (often tower blocks = inc crime rates + red SOL)
- inward international mig from pakistan + india
- developt of transport of ppl e.g. aircraft + goods e.g containerisation in 1950s => acceleratiom of movmt of ppl and goods in 1960s.
- commonwealth act of 1962 = restricts the flow of commonwealth migrants to only skilled workers, enc economic mig
16
Q
changes to the uk in the 1970s
A
- decline in secondary industry in cities e.g. liverpool + Brum => inc in unemployment + poor living conditions enc mig away from major city hubs.
- docks became unneccesary (due to improving plane transportation) = dereliction in docks e.g. london
- inward international mig from vietnam, bangladesh + chile.
17
Q
changes to the uk in the 1980s
A
- economic recession => unemploymt + deindustrialisation (continuing from 1970s). -> discourages some international migrants (interest in job opps)
- uk govt offers tax incentives + sets SEZ to try enc FDI + TNCs to establish offices/manufacturing w/in the uk.
- basic internet developed => developt of online banking in 1984 = allowing capital + financial transactions to transfer around the world quixkly
- inward interantional mig from china, srilanka,sudan,somalia+australia.
18
Q
changes to the uk in the 1990s
A
- growth in uk pop fue to net mig
- conflict in congo/yemen enc international mig to uk + also collapse of soviet union (as migrants wish to imporve QOL)
- first smartphone developed in 1994
- NHS begin recruiting overseas (trying to use migrants to fill their skills gap).
19
Q
changes to the uk in the 2000s
A
- race relations amendment act aimed to red tensions + discrimination by the popo and govt
- suburbanisation accelerates = creating new towns for highly paid migrants to move into (offers rural QOL whilst maintaining job in nearby city.)
- EU freedom of movmt -> inc mig due to red limitations (mig w/in the EU)
- inc in creation of religious secondary+primary sch = cater for muslim and jewish migrants
- developt of social media (fb,twitter) = allows personal and business connections across the world
- expansion of EU => includes prev soviet states = inc no. of polish/slovakian/lithuanian migrants
20
Q
changes to the uk in 2010s
A
- londons new rep as a multicultural city attract new migrants = shown through olympic games + election of sadiq khan + clustering of diff cultures/ethncities
- conflict in syria pushes asylum seekers to the UK
- BUT brexit causes uncertainty in migration/population patterns : inc outward migration of some brits wishing to live in spain/france , uncertainty for existing commonwealth + international mig (windrush) , closure of some TNC manufacturing plants (may wish to remain connected w the EU for logistics+ cheaper workforce + more economic certainty.)
21
Q
The Rural-Urban Continuum
A
The population density ranges between high density, inner urban areas to low density, remote
rural areas
22
Q
continuum (USCSRR)
A
- Urban Core
- Suburbs/urban sprawl
- Commuter settlements/expanded towns
- Suburbanised villages/market towns
- Rural villages & farming areas
- Remote rural tourism & second home areas
23
Q
what suggests the changes in the rural-urban continuum
A
population density + the charcateristics of the built env.
24
Q
urban city structure
A
- most cities have a similar structure ; developt occuring outwards+living conditions changing the further outwards u travel
- two models to describe this ; Burgess + Hoyt
25
Burgess model
- shows the city as bands moving outwards from a CBD.
- 2nd band from CBD is often industrial (factories)
- 3rd band is working class housing
- 4th band is middle class housing
- 5th band is high class housing or commuter zones => houses become bigger+spaced out as we move into suburbs (class of population inc = housing + QOL + income inc more suburban u go)
26
Hoyt model
- has industry travelling outwards in sectors
=> run parallel to transport routes (in the past used to be rivers as most transportatn was done by boat but now is railway lines)
- working class housing tends to be close to industrial areas.
27
Place Character
relates to the specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique.
Place character is affected by endogenous and exogenous factors.
28
endogenous factors
- Those which originate from within the place and are local
-> land use (urban or rural)
-> topography
-> infrastructure (built services that enhance living cond) = roads/railways/networks/parks/education + health
-> demographic characteristics (age,gender,ethnicity)
-> economic characteristics (debt, growth market, industries)
29
exogenous factors (PRIM)
- Those which originate from outside a place and provide linkages and relationships with and to other places.
- referred to as flows of :
-> People
-> Resources
-> Ideas
-> Money and investment
30
How do flows of people act as exogenous factors?
They include the movement of tourists, workers, migrants, refugees, and visitors, which can change the population and character of a place over time.
📍 Example: Germany has around 1.4 million asylum seekers, influencing society and causing political and social changes.
31
How do resources act as exogenous factors?
They include access to raw materials, food, water, and energy.
📍 Example: The UK is food secure due to good transport links, allowing imports when domestic crops fail—unlike in many developing countries.
32
How do ideas influence a place as exogenous factors?
New ideas from entrepreneurs, planners, or designers can bring businesses, drive creativity, and change perceptions.
📍 Example: Urban planning ideas in Detroit led to positive tourist reviews and boosted the city’s image.
33
How do money and investment influence place character as exogenous factors?
Investment through trade deals, taxes, business development, or major events can reshape an area.
📍 Example: Stratford (London) saw lasting change due to Olympic investments before, during, and after the Games.
34
what happens over time related to endogenous/ exogenous factors
endogenous factors will be shaped by the changing flows of exogenous factors.
35
What is meant by "perception of living spaces"?
refers to how individuals view and experience a place, influenced by personal, social, economic, and environmental factors.
36
What three key personal factors influence an individual's perception of living spaces?
Life experience – unique personal events or background
Stage in life cycle – age-related beliefs and values
Economic position – wealth, job status, and financial situation
37
human factors that influence perception of living spaces?
Age
Family composition
Education level
Gender
Income
Religion & cultural beliefs
38
accessibility factors affect how people perceive a living space?
Employment opportunities
Availability of services
Public transport
Affordable housing
Broadband & utility access
39
environmental factors influence the perception of living spaces?
Pollution levels
Crime levels
Physical climate
Traffic and congestion
Access to open green spaces
40
Who are considered "insiders" in a place?
Insiders are people who feel at home in a place. They often:
Were born there
Hold citizenship
Are fluent in the local language and understand idioms
Conform to local social norms and behaviors
41
What are idioms, and how can they affect insider status?
Idioms are expressions specific to a language or culture. Not understanding them (e.g., “kill two birds with one stone”) may make someone feel like an outsider, especially if they’re new to the area.
42
Who are considered "outsiders" in a place?
Outsiders are people who do not feel fully accepted or at home in a place. They may struggle with culture, language, or social norms, and their sense of belonging may develop or change over time.
43
What factors might make someone feel like an outsider?
Not part of the dominant ethnic group
Unfamiliarity with local culture, norms, or dialect
Shops, restaurants, and services feel unfamiliar
Lack of access to familiar foods
Architecture and street life may feel foreign
44
How did Victorians perceive inner city areas?
be dangerous and threatening because of pollution,
poverty and crime which meant it was seen as a lower class area.
45
How are inner city areas perceived today?
are often seen as vibrant, offering high-paid job opportunities, local amenities, and a variety of housing and lifestyles.
46
Why do some urban areas still have a negative perception?
associated with high crime rates + poor living standards
47
What impact does regeneration have on the perception of inner cities?
can attract high-income individuals through gentrification, improving image and infrastructure, but it may also displace lower-income residents.
48
What is the role of green environmental projects like BedZED in shaping perceptions of urban places?
appeal to those who prioritize sustainability and eco-friendly living, shaping a more progressive and modern perception of urban life.
49
Why might disadvantaged or low-income families prefer inner city areas?
offer affordable social housing and better access to services, making them more practical for low-income families.
50
What is the "Rural Idyll" and how does it shape perceptions of rural places?
the idealized view that rural areas are beautiful, peaceful, crime-free, and have a relaxed pace of life with a strong sense of community. It often contrasts with the reality of rural living.
51
How do media and cultural links influence tourism in rural areas?
TV shows (e.g. Poldark) and literary/artistic connections (the Lake District) promote the rural idyll, encouraging tourism and boosting the local economy.
52
economic impacts of tourism in rural areas
creates new job opps, but = often seasonal and low-paid => limits stable employment + can make the economy heavily reliant on peak seasons.
53
What challenges make rural living differ from the rural idyll?
High house prices make homes unaffordable for low-income families
Old heating systems and homes have high energy and maintenance costs
Jobs are often seasonal, especially in tourism
Infrequent public transport and long, expensive commutes
Isolation from services, which impacts the elderly, especially with limited healthcare access
54
'clustering' in relation to migrant populations
when migrant groups live in concentrated communities, often to share cultural beliefs, access community-specific facilities, and feel more at home. However, it can give a misleading impression of the overall number of migrants in the UK.
55
How do migrants experience inclusion in the UK?
Migrants who adapt to British values, gain education qualifications, and engage with society can be economically and socially successful.
2nd and 3rd generation migrants often develop a hybrid culture, blending traditional and British influences, with some becoming MPs and councillors.
56
How can population variation lead to tension
Cultural differences between ethnic clusters and the original population can cause anxiety, hostility, or even violence. These tensions are often worsened by misinformation or fake news in the media.
57
How can quantitative data be used to measure the management of cultural issues?
Quantitative data can compare:
- Ethnic inclusivity in workplaces
- Poverty rates among ethnic minorities
- Election participation of ethnic groups (where voting is allowed)
58
Why are non-economic factors important in managing cultural issues?
better reflect social acceptance and happiness, making them key indicators of how successfully cultural issues are managed.
59
What is hate crime and how does it relate to cultural issues?
refers to violent or harmful acts targeted at minority groups based on identity (e.g., race, religion). Such incidents are increasing, showing tensions between cultural groups.
60
stakeholders for urban/rural places
- nuclear family
- young person/student
- first time buyers
- local businesses
61
Nuclear Family
- Two parents living with children. One or both parents work to support the family.
62
Nuclear Family needs
local schools, employment, and housing in low-crime areas.
63
nuclear families place of residence
suburban villages and towns :
+ commute into city centre for
employment
+ Low crime rates and quiet lifestyle
- Reduced diversity in suburbs = limiting acceptance of other ethnicities by the children.
- Commuting and working office jobs (tertiary & quaternary) can lead to long hours worked, reducing time together as a family.
64
Young Person/Student
16-25 year old, often living at
home or living in student accomodation for
university.
65
Young Person/Student needs
Employment or Education, cheap
accomodation and lifestyle.
66
Young Person/Student place of residence
Tends to live in city centres:
+ Lots of services and entertainment
+ Clustering of students who can
support each other
- High density of students can reduce QOL for those living in the
area (e.g. inc noise, crime)
- Living in the city can be more
expensive than at home, with higher prices and transport costs.
67
First-Time Buyers
25+ years, they are trying to
save up for a mortgage. Often following university or they’ve become young parents.
68
First-Time Buyers needs
Affordable housing, local services &
employment, access to social services.
69
First-Time Buyers place of residence
Tends to live in inner city locations:
+ Close to job opportunities and
services in the centre of town
+ Housing is cheapest here than
anywhere in the city
- Sometimes inner city areas have highcrime rates and pollution from car traffic
- Inner city areas tend to have highest deprivation levels
70
Local Businesses
Own local independent
businesses such as shops, cafes, B&Bs, etc.
71
Local Businesses needs
High footfall within the city centre,
low business rates, attraction to their town/city to tourists.
72
Local Businesses place of residence
Independent businesses tend to be located on the high street of towns & cities:
+ High streets have a good pedestrian footfall, since shops are concentrated together
+ Events and markets tend to be
hosted near the high street, so extra business opps available in
local area
- If town or city becomes tourist
attraction or heavily populated,
business rates will increase
