DP2 Observational Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behaviour as the result of experience
Learning may be long-term but can also be affected by factors like lack of repetition or conditions such as Alzheimer’s.
What indicates that learning has occurred?
Performance shows a difference in behaviour compared to before
Tests, questions, and behaviour observation can indicate learning.
What can cause learning?
Exposure to different environments or experiences
Learning from mistakes and observing others’ successes and failures are examples.
Define observational learning.
Learning that occurs by watching the behaviour demonstrated by another
It involves observation and mimicry.
What is social learning?
The process by which social influences alter people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour
It is acquired through observational learning.
What is modelling in the context of learning?
The observer demonstrates learnt behaviour by imitating a model
A model is the person being observed.
What are the three key elements of observational learning?
Role of the learner: Active (more active than operant conditioning)
Nature of the response: Voluntary
Timing of the response and stimulus: Watch stimulus (Models behavior) and then replicate their behavior
What must a learner do in the attention stage of observational learning?
Actively Watch Focus on the Model
This involves focusing on details of the behaviour.
What happens during the retention stage of observational learning?
The learner must store a mental representation of the behaviour in memory
More meaningful memories are easier to recall.
What is required during the reproduction stage of observational learning?
The learner must be able to physically and mentally replicate the action
This requires the ability to perform the observed behaviour.
How does motivation influence observational learning?
Reinforcement on offer influences the learner’s desire and likelihood to reproduce the behaviour
The expectation of reinforcement or punishment can affect cognitive processes.
If there is a good outcome, they are more likely to do the behavior again. What key term is this?
Reinforcement
True or False: Learning can occur without an immediate change in behaviour.
True
This type of learning is termed latent learning.
What is vicarious learning?
Learning that occurs by observing the behaviours of others and their consequences
It allows individuals to acquire new skills, knowledge, or attitudes.
List the three types of vicarious learning.
- Vicarious Conditioning
- Vicarious Reinforcement
- Vicarious Punishment
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Increases the likelihood of the observer behaving similarly to a model whose behaviour was reinforced
It encourages imitation of rewarded behaviour.
What is vicarious punishment?
Decreases the likelihood of an observer performing a behaviour after seeing it punished
This discourages imitation of punished behaviour.
What is Albert Bandura known for?
His social learning theory emphasises the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating behaviours
His work bridges behaviourist and cognitive learning theories.
What role does cognition play in observational learning?
Cognition influences awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments
This can determine whether the learnt behaviour will be demonstrated.
What are the 4 principles of observational learning?
- Learning occurs by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of those behaviors
- Learning can occuer without there being intermedia
