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D1 Neuro > Dr. Ingrim Materials for Exam 1 > Flashcards

Dr. Ingrim Materials for Exam 1 Flashcards

Review materials for Neuro quiz 1 (84 cards)

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1
Q

Autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system controls which types of muscles?

A

Smooth muscles
Cardiac muscles
Glands

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2
Q

Which neurons take information from the CNS and carries impulses to the effector organs?

A

Efferent Neurons

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3
Q

What are the functions of afferent neurons?

A

Afferent neurons carry information from the peripherals such as sensory and brings the impulse to the CNS.

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4
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic neurons originate where?

A

In the thorocolumbar region: thoracic and lumbar region

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5
Q

Where does preganglionic neurons originate in the parasympathetic system?

A

craniosacral region: brain and sacral area of the spinal cord

THINK:
to relax you need to relax your brain and sit on your sacrum

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6
Q

Short preganglionic fibers but long post ganglionic fibers is a characteristic of which nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

REMEMBER:

SL for sympathetics
LS for parasympathetics

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7
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system has ____ preganglionic fibers and _____ post ganglionic fibers.

A

long, short

REMEMBER:
SL for sympathetics
LS for parasympathetics

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8
Q

What are the divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetics
Parasympathetics

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9
Q

Which targets one specific effector organ rather than postganglionic neuron innervating more than one organ

A

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter does the post ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system release?

A

Norepinephrine

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11
Q

Neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic system release which preganglionic neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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12
Q

Which autonomic division binds acetylcholine to a muscarinic receptor?

A

The parasympathetics

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13
Q

Which division of the ANS responds to hypoglycemia?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

Adrenergic receptor is related to

A

The sympathetic system

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14
Q

Constriction of the pupils is caused by which division of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic
because its allowing less light in

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15
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the PAROTID gland and through which ganglion?

A

CN IX through the otic ganglion

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16
Q

CN VII innervates which secretory glands? Through which ganglion?

A
  1. The lacrimal gland through the pterygopalatine ganglion.
  2. Submandibular and sublingual glands by the submandibular ganglion.
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17
Q

Which adrenoreceptor does Albuterol bind to?

A

beta-2

REMEMBER:
beta1 mainly targets the heart
beta 2 mainly affects the bronchial

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18
Q

What are three catecholamine agonist

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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19
Q

Does epinepherine have affects on alpha or beta receptors?

A

It has affects on both alpha and beta

Low beta affects (vasodilation)
High alpa affects (vasoconstriction)

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20
Q

alpha-1 adrenoreceptors

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Increased peripheral resistance (increase bp)
  3. Mydriasis (eye dilation)
  4. Constriction of the bladder sphincter

HINT:
mainly constricts except for the eyes

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21
Q

alpha-2 adrenoreceptors

A
  1. Inhibits release of NE
  2. Inhibits the release of acetylcholine
  3. Inhibits insulin release

HINT:
Inhibits neurotransmitters

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22
Q

beta-1 adrenoreceptors

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Lipolysis
  3. myocardial contractility
  4. Increase release of renin

HINT:
mainly cardiac functions
increases functions

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23
Q

beta-2 adrenoreceptors

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Decreased peripheral resistance
    (decrease bp)
  3. Bronchodilation
  4. Increase liver and muscle glycogenolysis
  5. Relax uterine smooth muscle

HINT:
functions with the lungs (dilator)

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24
Describe epinephrine
Synthesized by tyrosine in the adrenal medulla Direct acting (interacts with both alpha and beta receptors) Higher dose of alpha affects
25
What are the effects of epinephrine?
increase myocardium contractibility increase release of renin constricts arterioles bronchodialation (beta-2) hyperglycimia lipolysis HINT: Epinephrine speeds up the heart, raise blood sugar, bp and lung flow
26
Therapeutic use of Epinephrine
Acute asthma Heart attacks Anesthetics it causes vasoconstrictions resulting in lasting affects.
27
What types of neurotransmitters are directing acting? What adrenoreceptors do they affect.
Catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine are direct acting. They are both alpha and beta acting
28
Norepinephrine
Direct acting catecholamine mainly alpha-adrenergic affects vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure
29
Dopamine
Direct acting catecholamine mainly *beta-adrenergic affects*
30
Therapeutic uses of Dopamine
Severe heart failure Hypotension
31
What are alpha-adrenergic agonist
Drugs that bind to the alpha receptors only and elicit a positive effect
32
What are examples of selective alpha-adrenergic drugs?
Phenylephrine Clonidine
33
Why does Phenylephrine have lasting affects?
lasting effects because it is not a catecholamine (alpha-2 inhibits NT) COMT uptakes catecholamines)
34
What are therapeutic use of Phenylephrine?
Vasoconstriction (decrease bp) Mydriasis Nasal decongestion HINT: it acts on the alpha-1 receptor, which constricts everything but the pupil
35
Clonidine
an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used to lower blood pressure
36
When would you prescribe Clonidine to a patient?
If they are hypertensive
37
Which drugs are selective beta-adrenergic agonist?
Isoprteronol Dobutamine Albuterol (terbutaline, saleterol)
38
What do beta adrenergic antagonist drugs do?
39
List the order of affinity to alpha-adrenoreceptor from greatest to least.
EPI, NE, ISO
40
List the order of affinity to beta-adrenoreceptor from greatest to least.
ISO,EPI,NE
41
What effect does adrenergic blockers have
42
efficacy
measures pharmaceutical response of the drug, how well it works.
43
potency
refers to how much drug is needed to create maximum affect
44
What the drug does to the body
pharmacodynamic
45
What the body does to the drug
pharmacokinetics
46
Kd
disassociation constant represents the amount of free drug at half-maximal binding.
47
What does ow Kd represent?
Drug has a good affinity to the receptor.
48
What NT is mainly released during sympathetic ANS
Epinephrine and lesser amounts of NE
49
True or false, the Parasympathetics functions as a unit
False, it does not function as a unit
50
What is epinephrine synthesized from and where is it synthesized?
It is synthesized from tyrosine in the adrenal medulla
51
Epinephrine has both alpha and beta effects, which is strongest?
Epinephrine's alpha receptor is more dominant making it a greater heart constrictor. its low beta affects make it a low bronchial dilator.
52
Renin release
Is seen on beta-1 receptor
53
Adverse effects of Epinephrine
CNS (anxiety, fear) Hemorrhage* due to elevated bp Cardiac arrhythmias Pulmonary edema
54
Therapeutic use of Epinephrine
Bronchospasm from acute asthma anaphylactic shock Cardiac arrest Anesthetics
55
What are interactions with epinephrine?
Hyperthyroidism Cocaine Diabetes beta-blockers* unopposed alpha receptors will lead to increase PR & BR inhalation anesthetics
56
Therapeutic use of Norepinephrine
NE increases vascular resistance and BP
57
Why does Norepinephrine trigger baroreceptor reflex?
The increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure trigger baroreceptor effects
58
What receptors does Albuterol bind to?
beta receptors 1 and 2 mainly beta-2 affects
59
What is the clinical use of Albuterol
Asthma and COPD It is a bronchial smooth muscle relaxer
60
Which of the following would be the most likely physiologic result of alpha-1 receptors blockade
Tachycardia Blocking alpha-1 receptor would lead to cardiac dilation and a fall in blood pressure. This will increase the amount of NE in the blood causing increase in heart rate.
61
Which of the following structures is most affected by alpha 1 blockade
Prostate
62
A drug binding reversible vs irreversible
63
Succinylcholine
A Depolarizing Nueromuscular Blocking Agent. It acts like acetylcholine binds tightly to the receptor, illicit depolarization however stays bind, long term muscle contraction, causing muscle paralysis
64
Cisatracurium
A Nondepolarizing Nueromuscular Blocking Agent Binds to the Ach receptor, prevents acetylcholine from binding . Does not ilicit depolarization or muscle contraction.
65
Neuromuscular Blocking Agent drugs
IV drugs usually given during surgery to prevent movement of the muscles during surgery.
66
Which Nueromuscular Blocking Agent is most often used for endotracheal intubation?
Succylcholine (Depolarizing)
67
Adverse effect of NDMB (Succinylcholine)
Hyperkalemia (Potassium) Hypercalcemia (calcium) Acute tachycardia and bradycardia Prolonged QT interval
68
Adverse effect of NMB
Histamine release rash hypotension bronchospasm respiratory depression
69
Tizanidine
alpha-2 agonist Reduces the release of excitatory NT
70
Clinical use of Tizanidine
lowers muscle spacisity in AML
71
Adverse effects of Tizanidine
Hepatotoxicity, do not give to patients with liver disease. Sedation Hypotension Hallucinations Dizziness Muscle weakness
72
Benzodiazepine
Positive allosteric modulator binds in an allosteric position when GABA is bind and enhances signaling
73
What does Benzodiazepine treat?
Muscle spasms due to cerebral palsy, stroke, spinal cord injury muscle spasm anxiety and panic disorders
74
Botulinum Toxin
Inhibits release of ACh from the nerve terminals. redues muscle spasm in cerebral paslsy and MS, overactive bladder, migraine, facial spasm
75
Adverse affect of Botulinum Toxin
Respiratory tract infections Muscle weakness Urinary Falls Fever Pain
76
Adverse Effects of Benzodiazepines
CNS depression due to crossing the blood brain barrier
77
Which drug can be used to treat pheochromocytoma (tumor of catecholamines)?
Phenoxybenzamine Phenolamine (short-term)
78
Clonodine
decreases norepinephrine
79
Which neuromuscular blocking agent is safest for patients who have chronic kidney disease?
Cisatracurium (nondepolarizing)
80
Does parasympathetic act as a unit?
No, it has specific effector units
81
During the sympathetic autonomic nervous system what does the adrenal medulla release more of?
more Norepinephrine the epinephrine
82
Albuterol treats what?
Asthma and COPD via bronchial relaxation
83
Adverse affect of Benzodiazepines
CNS depression and hallucinations

D1 Neuro (5 decks)

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