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NURS 320 Pharm and pathophysio > Drug Therapy Immunity, infections, inflammation > Flashcards

Drug Therapy Immunity, infections, inflammation Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Define ‘Aerobic’ bacteria.

A

Bacteria that depend on oxygen for survival.

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2
Q

Define ‘Anaerobic’ bacteria.

A

Bacteria that survive without oxygen, often in GI tract and chronic infections.

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3
Q

Define ‘Antibiotic’.

A

A chemical that prevents growth or causes death of specific bacteria.

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4
Q

Define ‘Gram-negative’ bacteria.

A

Bacteria that do not absorb stain/discolor with alcohol; associated with GU/GI infections.

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5
Q

Define ‘Gram-positive’ bacteria.

A

Bacteria that absorb stain/discolor; associated with respiratory tract and soft tissue infections.

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6
Q

Define ‘Synergistic’ drug interaction.

A

Drugs that work together to increase effectiveness.

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7
Q

Name the prototype for Fluoroquinolones.

A

Ciprofloxacin

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8
Q

Name the prototype for Penicillins.

A

Amoxicillin

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9
Q

Name the prototype for Tetracyclines.

A

Tetracycline

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10
Q

Name the prototype for Antimycobacterials (anti-TB).

A

Isoniazid

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11
Q

Why are fluoroquinolones avoided in children?

A

They can damage developing cartilage.

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12
Q

Why are tetracyclines avoided in children?

A

They affect growing bones and teeth.

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13
Q

What should adults understand about antibiotics?

A

Effective only against bacteria, must complete full course, can counteract oral contraceptives, caution in pregnancy.

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14
Q

What additional monitoring is needed for older adults on antibiotics?

A

Monitor hydration, nutrition, and watch for atypical disease presentations.

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15
Q

Describe gentamicin pharmacokinetics.

A

Poor GI absorption; rapid IM absorption; peak ~1h; half-life 2-3h; crosses placenta; excreted in urine.

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16
Q

List gentamicin contraindications.

A

Allergy to aminoglycosides; renal disease; pre-existing hearing loss; pregnancy risk.

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17
Q

List common adverse effects of gentamicin.

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, palpitations.

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18
Q

What are gentamicin drug interactions?

A

Enhanced effect with penicillins/cephalosporins; loop diuretics increase ototoxicity risk.

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19
Q

Key nursing considerations for gentamicin?

A

Monitor blood levels; ensure hydration and nutrition; teach side effect reporting (hearing loss, urine changes).

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20
Q

What is the therapeutic action of ertapenem?

A

Bactericidal; broad-spectrum against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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21
Q

What infections does ertapenem treat?

A

Serious intra-abdominal, respiratory, urinary, skin, bone, joint, and GYN infections.

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22
Q

Describe ertapenem pharmacokinetics.

A

Rapid IM absorption; peak at end of IV infusion; half-life 1-4h; excreted in urine.

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23
Q

List ertapenem contraindications.

A

Allergy to carbapenems; caution in pregnancy/lactation.

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24
Q

List common adverse effects of ertapenem.

A

GI upset (n/v/d, C. diff), headache, dizziness, mental status changes, seizures.

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25
What are ertapenem drug interactions?
Reduces valproic acid; seizures risk with ganciclovir.
26
Key nursing considerations for ertapenem?
Monitor CNS effects, vital signs, renal function.
27
Name first-generation cephalosporins and indications.
Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cephalexin; treat UTI, pharyngitis, respiratory, skin, bone infections.
28
Name second-generation cephalosporins and indications.
Cefaclor, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil, Cefuroxime; treat respiratory, skin, UTI, otitis media.
29
Name third-generation cephalosporins and indications.
Cefdinir, Cefixime, Cefotaxime, Ceftpodoxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone; treat UTI, respiratory, sinusitis, gonorrhea.
30
Name fourth-generation cephalosporin and indications.
Cefepime; treat skin, urinary, respiratory infections.
31
Describe general cephalosporin actions.
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic depending on drug and dose.
32
Describe cephalosporin pharmacokinetics.
Mostly renally excreted; some via liver (ceftriaxone); cross placenta; enter milk.
33
List cephalosporin contraindications.
Allergy to cephalosporins/penicillins; hepatic/renal impairment; pregnancy risk.
34
List common adverse effects of cephalosporins.
GI upset, headache, dizziness, nephrotoxicity, superinfections.
35
What are cephalosporin drug interactions?
Increases nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides; increases bleeding with warfarin.
36
Key nursing considerations for cephalosporins?
Monitor renal function; monitor PT/INR.
37
What is the mechanism of ciprofloxacin?
Bactericidal by interfering with bacterial DNA.
38
Describe ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics.
GI absorption; hepatic metabolism; excreted in urine/feces; crosses placenta/milk.
39
List ciprofloxacin contraindications.
Fluoroquinolone allergy; pregnancy; renal dysfunction; seizure disorder; under 18.
40
List common adverse effects of ciprofloxacin.
Tendinitis, tendon rupture, neuropathy, CNS effects, QT prolongation, C. diff, liver toxicity.
41
What are ciprofloxacin drug interactions?
Reduced by supplements/antacids; cardiac reactions with amiodarone.
42
Key nursing considerations for ciprofloxacin?
Separate from interacting meds by 4h; monitor renal/liver; teach side effect management.
43
What is the therapeutic action of amoxicillin?
Bactericidal against streptococci and staphylococci.
44
Describe amoxicillin pharmacokinetics.
GI absorption; peak in 1h; excreted in urine.
45
List amoxicillin contraindications.
Allergy; renal disease; pregnancy risk.
46
List common adverse effects of amoxicillin.
GI upset, stomatitis, yeast infections.
47
What are amoxicillin drug interactions?
Avoid with aminoglycosides.
48
Key nursing considerations for amoxicillin?
Take entire course; empty stomach; increase fluids.
49
What is the action of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?
Blocks bacterial reproduction; treats UTI, ear infections.
50
Describe sulfonamide pharmacokinetics.
GI absorption; hepatic metabolism; renal excretion; teratogenic.
51
List sulfonamide contraindications.
Sulfa allergy; pregnancy; renal disease; older adults caution.
52
List common adverse effects of sulfonamides.
GI upset, stomatitis, hepatic injury, crystalluria, hyperkalemia.
53
What are sulfonamide drug interactions?
Hypoglycemia risk with sulfonylureas; hyperkalemia with ACE inhibitors.
54
What is the action of tetracycline?
Bacteriostatic; treats wide variety of infections.
55
Describe tetracycline pharmacokinetics.
GI absorption; concentrated in liver; renal excretion.
56
List tetracycline contraindications.
Allergy; pregnancy/lactation; under 8.
57
List common adverse effects of tetracyclines.
GI upset, glossitis, hepatotoxicity, teeth/bone damage.
58
What are tetracycline drug interactions?
Digoxin toxicity increased; absorption decreased with minerals.
59
Key administration tip for tetracyclines?
Take on empty stomach.
60
Name two disease-specific antimycobacterial drugs and their use.
Isoniazid for TB; Thalidomide used for leprosy (erythema nodosum).
61
List other antibiotic classes not previously covered.
Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Azithromycin/Erythromycin, Linezolid, Aztreonam.
62
What is the mechanism of oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?
Prevents viral replication in influenza A.
63
Describe oseltamivir pharmacokinetics.
GI absorption; renal excretion.
64
List oseltamivir contraindications.
Renal dysfunction; pregnancy/breastfeeding.
65
List common adverse effects of oseltamivir.
Lightheadedness, dizziness, insomnia, nausea, orthostatic hypotension.
66
What is the prototype drug for herpes and CMV?
Acyclovir.
67
Describe acyclovir administration routes.
Oral, buccal, parenteral, topical; renal excretion.
68
List acyclovir contraindications.
Pregnancy/lactation risk; renal/CNS disorders.
69
List common adverse effects of acyclovir.
GI upset, headache, depression, rash, hair loss.
70
What are acyclovir drug interactions?
Increased nephrotoxicity with other nephrotoxic drugs.
71
What is the action of fluconazole?
Fungicidal or fungistatic depending on fungus and concentration.
72
Describe fluconazole pharmacokinetics.
Oral/IV; hepatic metabolism; renal excretion.
73
List fluconazole contraindications.
Hepatic toxicity risk; pregnancy/lactation.
74
List common adverse effects of fluconazole.
Liver toxicity; fetal/neonatal risks.
75
What are fluconazole drug interactions?
Multiple: cyclosporine, digoxin, warfarin, phenytoin.
76
What is the action of clotrimazole?
Fungicidal by binding to cell wall sterols.
77
List clotrimazole adverse effects.
Local irritation, burning, rash.
78
What is the mechanism of echinocandins?
Inhibit enzyme for fungal cell wall synthesis.
79
Define 'Analgesic'.
Drug with pain-blocking properties.
80
Define 'Antipyretic'.
Drug with fever-blocking properties.
81
What are DMARDs?
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for inflammatory arthritis.
82
What is gout?
Increased uric acid and urate crystal deposits in joints/kidneys.
83
What is the prototype salicylate and its action?
Aspirin; blocks prostaglandin production; low dose inhibits platelets.
84
Describe aspirin pharmacokinetics.
Stomach absorption; hepatic metabolism; renal excretion.
85
List aspirin contraindications.
Pregnancy, lactation, allergy, bleeding, renal impairment.
86
List common adverse effects of aspirin.
GI upset, bleeding, tinnitus, confusion.
87
What are aspirin drug interactions?
Multiple altered absorption interactions.
88
Prototype NSAID and mechanism.
Ibuprofen; blocks COX-1 and COX-2.
89
List ibuprofen adverse effects.
GI erosion, bleeding, renal retention, headache.
90
Prototype acetaminophen usage and max dose.
Treats pain/fever; max 4 g/day.
91
Prototype gold compound and action.
Auranofin; blocks phagocytosis to reduce inflammation.
92
Prototype TNF blocker and indication.
Etanercept; slows inflammation/joint damage.
93
Prototype colchicine use.
Treats acute gout flares by inhibiting neutrophils.
94
Define 'Immune stimulant'.
Drug energizing the immune system.
95
Define 'Immune suppressant'.
Drug blocking T-cell actions and antibody production.
96
Prototype interferon alfa-2b actions.
Prevents viral replication; stimulates antiviral proteins; may inhibit tumors.
97
Prototype aldesleukin actions.
Increases NK cells, lymphocytes, cytokine activity.
98
Prototype filgrastim actions.
Increases WBC production to reduce infection.
99
Prototype thalidomide actions.
Suppresses cytokines; treats multiple myeloma and leprosy complications.
100
Prototype cyclosporine actions.
Blocks B-cell antibody production; inhibits T cells for transplants/arthritis.
101
Prototype bevacizumab actions.
Monoclonal antibody for metastatic colorectal cancer.
102
Define 'Active immunity'.
Body produces antibodies after antigen exposure; lifelong.
103
Define 'Passive immunity'.
Injection of preformed antibodies; temporary.
104
Prototype viral vaccine example.
MMR live vaccine.
105
Prototype immune serum example.
Immune globulin IM.
106
MMR contraindications.
Immune deficiency; pregnancy.
107
MMR adverse effects.
Fever, rash, malaise, injection site pain.
108
BayGam contraindications.
Pregnancy; coagulation defects.
109
BayGam adverse effects.
Injection site pain/swelling; allergic reactions.
110
What is the prototype of Cephalosporins?
Cephalexin

NURS 320 Pharm and pathophysio (4 decks)

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