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Pharmacology 1+2 > Drugs acting on CV and endocrine system > Flashcards

Drugs acting on CV and endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs acting on CV system

A
  • ACE inhibitors (angiotensine-convertase enzyme)
  • Pimobendan
  • Digitalis glycosides
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2
Q

ACE inhibitors:

Pharmacological effects

A
  • vasodilatation -> hypotension
  • vena dilation -> decreased preload
  • arteriole dilation -> decreased afterload
  • stroke volume increases -> circulation is improved
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3
Q

ACE inhibitors:

Indications

A
  • Hypertonia (humans, cats)
  • Congestive heart failure (CHF)
  • Proteinuria (chronic kidney disease)
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4
Q

ACE inhibitors:

Pharmacokinetic

A

• well absorbed po., feeding does not affect absorption (except at captopril)
• in the liver enalapril (benazepril, ramipril) ->enalaprilat (benazeprilat, ramiprilat) transformation
->4-6 hs are needed for effect, but last for 12-24 hs
• no activation at captopril, has to be applied more frequently
• lisinoprile: biotransformation is not necessary ->can be given in hepatic failure

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5
Q

ACE inhibitors:

Side effects

A
  • hypotension ->tiredness
  • hyperkalaemia (together e.g. spironolactone) - not characteristic in dogs!
  • vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia
  • azotaemia
  • dry coughing (especially captopril, humans)
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6
Q

ACE inhibitors:

Active substances

A
  • Captopril: feed affects oral absorption, has to be applied frequently (obsolete drug)
  • Enalapril
  • Ramipril
  • Benazepril
  • Lizinopril: also for patients with hepatic failure
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7
Q

PIMOBENDAN:

Indication

A

• Congestive heart failure

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8
Q

PIMOBENDAN:

Pharmacological effects

A
  • venous dilation ->decreased preload
  • arteriole dilation-> decreased afterload
  • positive inotropic effect
  • stroke volume increases ->circulation is improved
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9
Q

DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES: Drug name and it´s pharmacological effects, indication, side effects

A

DIGOXINE
• Pharmacological effects: mild positive inotropic effect (negative chronotropic)
• Indication: CHF
• Side effect: several, small therapeutic index
• It is used only in severe cases that are not responding to ACE-inhibitors or pimobendan (with caution!)

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10
Q

Diuretics

A
  • Cardial diuretics
  • Osmotic diuretics
  • Natriuretics
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11
Q

Cardial diuretics

A
  1. ACE inhibitors:
    -inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosteron axis
    -limited effect
  2. METHYLXANTINES
    • CAFFEINE, TEOPHYLLINE, TEOBROMINE
    • limited effect
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12
Q

Osmotic diuretics: Drug name and it´s pharmacological effects and indication

A 
MANNIT
Pharmacological effect:
-not reabsorbed in the kidney
-osmotically retains
-water in the tubules
Indication:
• applied when acute renal failure is suspected 
• brain oedema
• pulmonary oedema
• ocular operations (intraocular pressure)
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13
Q

Natriuretics:

Indications

A
  • pulmonary oedema
  • brain oedema
  • other oedemas
  • hydrothorax, hydropericardium
  • maintenance of renal function
  • congestive heart failure
  • hypertonia
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14
Q

Natriuretics:

Loop Diuretics - effect and side effects

A

• Pronounced effect in 1-2 min (when given iv.)
Side effects:
• hypokalaemia (potassium-supplement!), metabolic alkalosis-> less important in dogs
• Ca2+, Mg2+ excretion incr. -> not recommended in case of bladder/kidney stones
• Ototoxic
• Potentiate the ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects of
aminoglycosides

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15
Q

Natriuretics:

Drug names

A
  1. Loop diuretics:
    - FUROSEMIDE (1-5mg/kg bw, po.,im.,iv.!)
  2. Thiazides:
    - HYDROCHLOROTIAZIDE, (CHLOROTIAZIDE) (1-2 mg/kg bw, po., im., iv.)
  3. Potassium-sparing diuretics:
    - SPIRONOLACTONE
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16
Q

Natriuretics - Thiazides: use and side effects

A

• Mainly used in human practice as combined preparations (e.g. with ACE-inhibitors) to decrease blood pressure
Side effects:
• Hypokalaemia-> potassium-supplement
• Metabolic alkalosis

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17
Q

Natriuretics:

Potassium-sparing diuretics and its effects and side effects

A

SPIRONOLACTONE
• Antagonism of aldosterone -> heart remodelling delayed! -> Na+ excreted, K+ retained
• Very slow effect! 2-3 days
• Minimal diuretic effect!
Side effects:
• rarely hyperkalaemia (incidence increased when applied together with ACE-inhibitors) -> not true in animals

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18
Q

Drugs acting on the endocrine system

A
  • GnRH analogues
  • Gonadotrop hormones
  • Progestagens
  • Progesteron antagonists
  • Estrogens
  • Prostaglandins
  • Other hormones
  • Dopamine agonists
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19
Q

GnRH analogues

A
  • Receptal inj. (buserelin)
  • Depherelin inj. (gonadorelin)
  • Fertagyl inj. (gonadorelin)
  • Suprelorin implantatum (deslorelin)
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20
Q

Gonadotrop hormones

A
  • Pregnyl inj. (hCG) – human

- P.G.600 inj. (hCG and PMSG)

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21
Q

Progestagens

A
  • Chronogest intravaginal sponge (flurogestone)
  • Crestar impl.+inj. (norgestomet+estradiol)
  • Regumate oral sol. (altrenogest)
  • Covinan inj. (proligestone)
  • Depo-Promone inj. (medroxyprogesteron-acetate)
  • Ovarid tabl. (megestrol acetate)
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22
Q

Progesteron antagonists

A

-Alizin inj. (aglepriston)

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23
Q

Estrogens

A
  • Mesalin inj. (estradiol benzoate)
  • Incurin tabl. (estriol)
  • Sesoral tabl. (ethinyl oestradiol + methyl testosterone)
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24
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Estrumate inj. (cloprostenol)
  • Dinolytic and Enzaprost inj. (dinoprost)
  • Prosolvin inj., Prostapar inj. (luprostiol)
  • Prostavet inj. (etiproston)
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25
Q

Other hormones acting on the endocrine system

A
  • Caninsulin inj. (insulin)
  • Vetoryl tabl. (trilostane)
  • Felimazole tabl. (methimazole)
  • Forthyron tabl. (L-thyroxine)
26
Q

Dopamine agonists

A

-Galastop oral sol. (cabergoline)

27
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormones: effects

A

Stimulation of the production and release of FSH and LH

28
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormones: Indications

A
  • Reduction of the time interval from calving to first ovulation.
  • Treatment of ovarian follicular cysts in dairy cattle.
  • Control the time of ovulation at the end of prostaglandin or progestogen synchronisation schedule.
  • Allowing the timing of ovulation and covering to be arranged more precisely in mares during oestrus → to maximise the chance of conception and nidation.
  • Provocation of ovulation in rabbits.
  • Increasing fertility rate in sows and fur-farming.
  • Rainbow trout: facilitate stripping, reducing egg binding.
  • Chemical castration (human, K9)
29
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormones: Side-effects, contraindications

A
  • Hyperthermia, allergic reaction
  • Luteal body (CL) cysts
  • Should not be used in pregnant animals (embryo death)
  • Should not be used in starved, cahectic animals
30
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormones: Application

A

SC, IM (preferred), IV

31
Q

Gonadotropins - HCG:

Effects

A
  • LH- and some FSH-like activity.
  • It is used to supplement or replace luteinising hormone in cases of ovulation failure or delay, or to help control the timing of ovulation.
32
Q

Gonadotropins - HCG Indications

A
  • Ovulation in the mare at time of breeding.
  • Treatment of nymphomania due to cystic ovaries (by inducing luteinisation and possibly ovulation).
  • Ovarian stimulation.
  • Treatment of cryptorchidism (when no anatomical abnormality is present; genetical → exclusion from breeding).
33
Q

Gonadotropins - HCG: Side-effects, contraindications:

A
  • Anaphylactic reaction

- Pregnancy

34
Q

Gonadotropins - HCG: Application

A

IM (preferred), IV

35
Q

Gonadotropins - HCG: drug names

A
  • PROLAN - S oily susp.
  • P. G. 600 inj.
  • SUIDAN inj.
  • WERFACHOR inj.
36
Q

Gonadotropins - PMSG (eCG): Effects

A

-FSH- and some LH-like activity.
-Advances the onset of follicular grow and
ovulation.

37
Q

Gonadotropins - PMSG (eCG): Indications

A
  • Induction of follicular growth and ovulation (alone or after pre-treatment w. progesterone, progestagens - cow, goat ewe, or in combination with HCG, oestrogen in sow and anoestric bitches)
  • Superovulation (↑ litter size, embryo transfer)
  • Stimulate spermatogenesis and libido
38
Q

Gonadotropins - PMSG (eCG):

Side-effects, contraindications

A
  • Anaphylactic reaction

- Pregnancy

39
Q

Gonadotropins - PMSG (eCG):

Application

A

SC, IM (preferred)

40
Q

Gonadotropins - PMSG (eCG):

Drug names

A
  • FOLLIGON inj.
  • GONADOPHYL inj.
  • P. G. 600 inj.
  • SUIDAN inj.
  • WERFASER inj.
41
Q

Progesterones: effects

A
  • They prepare and maintain the female reproductive tract for implantation and pregnancy.
  • They cause development of the mammary glands.
  • They exert a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, inhibiting the GnRh – gonadotrophins production and release.
  • It leads to inhibition of ovulation in females and reduced testosterone production in males.
42
Q

Progesterones: Indications

A
  • Oestrus synchronisation
  • Control oestrus and ovulation
  • Induction of oestrus in anoestrus cows, ewes
  • Inhibition of the onset of the next oestrus in bitches and queens with mid-oestrus, suppression of oestrus in pro-oestrus
43
Q

Progesterones: Side-effects, contraindications

A
  • Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
  • Cystic ovaries
  • Mammary hyperplasia or nodules
  • Thinning and discoloration of skin (injectable preparations)
  • Operator safety, handling with care, particularly by women of child-bearing age
44
Q

Progesterones: Application

A

Injection (SC, IM), PO, intravaginal devices, SC implant

45
Q 
Anti-progesterone: 
and its:
1. Indication
2. Side-effects
3. Application
A
  • Aglepristone - Alizin inj.
    1. Indication: Abortion, mammary gland cancer
    2. Side-effects, contraindications: tissue irritation, excitement, depression, chronic kidney, liver failure, diabetes m.
    3. Application: SC dogs (cats)
46
Q

Prostaglandins: Effects

A
  • Regression of CL
  • Increase activity of smooth muscle in uterus
  • Relaxation of cervix
47
Q

Prostaglandins: Indications

A
  • Oestrus synchronisation (two inj´s mares 14-18, cows 10-12, ewes and goats 11 days apart)
  • Induction parturition (sows, mares, cows with glucocorticoids)
  • Abortion
  • Treatment of pyometra
48
Q

Prostaglandins:

Side-effects, contraindications

A
  • Colic disorders
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Bronchoconstriction
  • Abortion
  • Operator safety, handling with care, particularly by women of child-bearing age, asthmatics
49
Q

Prostaglandins: Application

A

IM

50
Q

Oestrogens: Effects

A
  • Initiating behavioural signs of oestrus
  • Preparing female reproductive tracts for fertilisation
  • Developing of secretory tissue of mammary gland.
51
Q

Oestrogens: Indications

A
  • Misalliance (inhibition of nidation)
  • Urinary incontinence, alopecia (replacement)
  • Male: excess libido, anal adenoma, prostate hyperplasia
52
Q

Oestrogens: Side-effects, contraindications

A
  • Prolapse of vagina, uterus
  • Anaemia
  • Cystic endometrial hyperplasia → Pyometra
  • Ovarian suppression and hypoplasia → ovarian cysts
  • Feminisation of the male
  • Should not be given to animals with mammary tumours, during the pregnancy
53
Q

Oestrogens: Application

A

SC, IM, PO

54
Q

Other endocrine drugs - Levothyroxine - Forthyron tabl., Soloxine tabl.

  1. Effects
  2. Indication
  3. Side-effects
  4. Application
A
  1. Effects: Effects of T3-T4
  2. Indications: Hypothyroidism
  3. Side-effects: Thyrotoxicosis, weight loss, nervousness, tachycardia, PU/PD etc.
  4. Application: PO
55
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - 
Caninsulin inj. - Insulin
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
4. Application
A
  1. Effects: Regulation of carbohydrate (protein, fat) metabolism
  2. Indications: Diabetes mellitus
  3. Side-effects: hypoglycaemia, (Somogyi-rebound effect), (Allergy)
  4. Application: SC
56
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - 
Vetoryl capsules - Trilostane
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
4. Application
A
  1. Effects: Competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Works at the level of adrenal gland to block the normal steroidogenisis pathway of pregnenolone to progesterone to cortisol, aldosterone and androstenedione.
  2. Indications: treatment hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome)
  3. Side-effects: lethargy, weakness, vomiting, anorexia and diarrhoea, possibility of iatrogenic Addison’s disease
  4. Application: PO (dogs, cats /horses/)
57
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - 
Prolactin antagonists - Ergolides (Dopaminergic ergot amines)
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
4. Application
5. Drug names
A
  1. Effects: Stimulation of dopamine receptors of prolactin-releasing cells in the anterior pituitary, which inhibit the prolactin release. As a consequence, the corpora lute regress.
  2. Indications:
    Pseudopregnancy in bitches
    (synchronisation – abortion)
  3. Side-effects:
    -Transient hypotension, drowsiness
    -Vomiting
    -Anorexia
    -Pregnancy – lactation (unless their termination is required)
  4. Applicaion: PO
  5. Drug names:
    - Bromocriptine BRK tabl.
    - Cabergoline GALASTOP sol.
58
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - 
Decomoton inj. (Carbetocin)
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
A
  1. Effects:
    Contraction of myometrum and myoepithelial cells in mammary gland
  2. Indications:
    -Ecbolic
    -Uterine inertia; during delivery in all species
    -Retention of eggs (birds, reptiles)
    -After parturition
    -Milk let down (mastitis)
  3. Side-effects:
    -GI – Cardio-vascular systems, swelling at injection site
    -Dystocia due to obstruction, closed or partly open cervix
59
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - 
Ergotin-N inj., Oxymetrin inj. (Ergot alkaloids)
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
4. Application
A
  1. Effects:
    - Abortive
    - Arithmetic (continuous) contraction of myometrum constriction of peripheral vessels
  2. Indications: After parturition, to eliminate retained placenta, stop uterine haemorrhage
  3. Side-effects: vasoconstrictor activity
  4. Application: PO, IM
60
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - Sensiblex inj. (Denaverin) - 
Myometrial relaxants
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
4. Application
A
  1. Effects: Toco-spasmolytic, physiological “antidote” of oxytocin (incomplete)
  2. Indications: Decreases the magnitude of uterus constrictions, relaxation of cervix
  3. Side effects: Closed or partly open cervix
  4. Application: SC, IM
61
Q 
Other endocrine drugs - 
BETA-2-adrenoreceptor agonists
1. Effects
2. Indication
3. Side-effects
4. Application
5. Drug names
A
  1. Effects: Relaxation of uterus and bronchial musculature 2. Indications:
    - Delay the parturition
    - Obstetrical manoeuvres, manipulation of foetus
    - Facilitate replacement of prolapsed uterus
    - Facilitate handling of uterus during caesarean section
    - Facilitate recovery the embryos from donors
  2. Side-effects:
    - Transient vasodilatation, tachycardia
    - Sweating, muscle tremors (with higher doses)
  3. Application: IM, IV (slowly)
  4. Drug names:
    - Clenbuterol - PLANIPART inj.
    - Terbutaline
    - Isoxsuprine lactate

Pharmacology 1+2 (25 decks)

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