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Pharmacology 1+2 > Last lab test (eye+tissue irritating) > Flashcards

Last lab test (eye+tissue irritating) Flashcards

1
Q

Pilocarpine effect

A

Parasympathomimetic effect:

  • Miosis (constrict pupils)
  • contraction of ciliary fibers
  • opening of Schlemm-canals–> aqueous humor can be channelled (decr. IOP)
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2
Q

Pilocarpine indications

A

-local treatment of glaucoma

1% eye drop

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3
Q

Other drugs also used to treat glaucoma

A

Timolol and Betaxolol (belongs to sympathomimetics)

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4
Q

Atropine effect

A

Parasympatholytic effect:
-mydriasis
-relaxation of ciliary fibers
-CLOSURE of Schlemm-canals–> aqueous humor can not be channeled–> contraindicated in glaucoma
(inhibit the salivary and mucous glands→ decrease saliva production during surgery)

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5
Q

Atropine indications

A

-before: used for diagnostic exam. of the eye, but
too long duration of effect–> tropicamid, homatropine etc.
-treatment of bradycardia
(1% eye drop)

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6
Q

Tetracaine effect

A
  • Local anesthetic effect on mucous mem. and the eye
  • (Lipophilic, can penetrate inside cornea –> cause anesthesia)
  • (Oxybuprocain is a better alternative today - act immediately)
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7
Q

Tetracaine indications

A

-Eye surgery, corneal surgery
-Examinations of the 3rd eyelid
-Removal of foreign bodies
-Etc.
(1% eye drop)

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8
Q

Procaine effect

A

Local anesthetics only on mucous membrane, cornea, wounds

1% eye drop

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9
Q

How to determine tissue irritation

A

In three levels:

  1. in vitro - preliminary studies
  2. in vivo - rodents - preliminary study
  3. target animal studies (injection into the target animal (eg. if it´s used on dogs then tested on dogs))
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10
Q

Drugs that cause tissue irritation

A
  • VERY!: Tetracyclines (esp. long acting), Macrolids and Lincosamides
  • Also Aminoglycosides and Sulphonamides
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11
Q

Enzyme elevated when applying tissue irritating drugs

A

Ck (Creatin-k) and LDH

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12
Q

Which drugs are never injected in small animals?

A

Macrolids and Lincosamides (give IV or orally)

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13
Q

Where to inject if we examine tissue irritation?

A

Large muscle (limb, dorsal muscles)

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14
Q

In vivo tissue irritation exam.

  • Which animals are used?
  • Steps?
  • Advantages and disadvantages?
A

-Rodents: rabbits
• Biochemistry examinaton of AST, CPK, LDH enzyme activity of blood
• Euthanasia of treated animals after 24 hours, 2, 5, 14 days
• Macroscopic and histological examination of the affected part of muscles
• Advantages: Reliable results
• Disadvantages
– Expensive
– Time consuming
– Animal protection issues

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15
Q

Demanded quality requirements of injections

A
  • Isotonic
  • Isoionic
  • Sterile
  • Non-pyrogenic
  • Non-toxic
  • Non-irritating
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16
Q

In vitro

  • Which animals are used?
  • Requirements?
  • Which phase is it used for?
  • Advantages and disadvantages?
A

• Do not require living animals
• Required materials:
– Fresh cattle or swine blood, coagulation inhibited by heparin
– 0.9% NaCl solution
– 10% oxytetracyclin-HCl solution as positive control for tissue irritation (freshly made)
– Test products (Engemycin, Tetravet)
– Distilled water (positive control)
–> compare the hemolysing (→tissue-irritating) ability of the drugs!
• Used in preclinical phase
• Advantages: Fast, cheap
• Disadvantages: only preliminary orientating data. Can not completely replace the in vivo examination methods!

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17
Q

How to disinfect a drilled well (substance + amount) and in which case would it be obligatory?

A
  1. 100 g calcium-hypochlorite or 300 cm3 bleach should be solved in 1 litre of water and poured into the well
  2. After mixing, leave for 24hours rest and smell. If chloride is smellable it’s good. If there is no chloride smell we should repeat it until we reach the chloride smell.
  3. Then the water from the well should be discarded, till the smell of the chlorine cannot be smelled.
    - Disinfection is obligatory immediately after a well is worked on. Also in the case of a known contamination such as disease causing microorganisms (pathogens). That may have been introduced into the well during construction, hookup, maintenance, or as a result of faulty well construction.
    - Disinfection is also recommended for well systems that experience problems with iron bacteria or sulphate-reducing bacteria.
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18
Q

Name the disinfectants for udder wash and hand wash

A 
Udder disinfectants:
-Chlorhexidine digluconate + lactic acid
-Free iodine
-Bradophen solution
-Benzalkonium chloride 
Surgical hand disinfection
-Iodophores
-Alcohols
-Chlorhexidine
-Cationic detergents
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19
Q

Name the antiseptic used for udder disinfection and when/how is it applied during milking?

A
  • Antiseptics used: Chlorhexidine digluconate + lactic acid, Free iodine, Bradophen solution, Benzalkonium chloride
  • Before milking:
    1. Washing with warm water
    2. Disinfection with diluted iodophor
  • After milking: 3-fold dilution of concentrated iodophor-, chlorhexidine or Bradophen solution (form thin film layer on the skin)
  • Disinfection is applied to every teat by a teat cup. The udder after disinfection is wiped with a disposable wipes before milking. But after milking the udder is not wiped for the formation of the thin film layer. The same substances are used in udder disinfection but before milking the concentration is 2-3%. After milking the concentration is 20-40%.
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20
Q

Disinfection of dug well of 5m3?

A

1100cm3 bleach/1m3 water (in the well), solved 0.3l water, poured into the well. So 500cm3 bleach should be applied.

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21
Q

List veterinary uses for calcium hypochlorite

A
  • Used in disinfecting wells (dug wells and drilled wells)
  • Floor deflectors
  • Trash collectors
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22
Q

List veterinary uses of aldehydes in disinfection

A
  • Non-corrodating surfaces
  • Closed containers
  • Tools
  • Equipment
  • Machinery
  • Washable surfaces
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23
Q

What is drilled well disinfectant and how is this method prepared?

A

100 g calcium-hypochlorite or 300 cm3 bleach should be solved in 1 litre of water and poured into the well

24
Q

Atropine application

A

It is typically given intravenously, by injection into a muscle or eye drops (IV, IM, eye drops)

25
Q

Name an intestinal disinfectant

A

Sulfaguanidine

26
Q

Difference bw. sterilization and disinfection

A
  • Sterilization kills ALL living organism, including virus, bacteria, spores, fungi and protozoa
  • Disinfection: only kills pathogenic organisms and decrease the number of the non- pathogens
  • outside the body (objects, places of residence etc.)
  • eg. bleach
27
Q
  1. Level of microbial inactivation
  2. Method
  3. Examples
    … of Sterilization
A
  1. Level of microbial inactivation: Destroys all microorganisms, including bacterial spores
  2. Method: High temperature, Low temperature, Liquid immersion
  3. Examples: Steam, dry heat, Ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide gas, vapor, glutar aldehyde; hydrogen peroxide with peracetic acid
28
Q
  1. Level of microbial inactivation
  2. Method
  3. Examples
    … of High-level disinfection (HLD)
A
  1. Level of microbial inactivation: Destroys all micro-organisms except high numbers of bacterial spores
  2. Method: Heat automated Liquid immersion
  3. Examples: Pasteurization, glutaraldehyde, ortho-phthalaldehyde, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, 400-450 ppm chlorine, isopropanol
29
Q
  1. Level of microbial inactivation
  2. Method
  3. Examples
    … of Intermediate- level disinfection
A
  1. Level of microbial inactivation: Destroys vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, most viruses, most fungi, but not bacterial spores
  2. Method: Liquid contact
  3. Examples: chlorine-based products, phenolics,
    improved hydrogen peroxide exposure
30
Q
  1. Level of microbial inactivation
  2. Method
  3. Examples
    … of Low-level disinfection
A
  1. Level of microbial inactivation: Destroys vegetative bacteria, some fungi and viruses but not mycobacteria or spores
  2. Method: Liquid contact
  3. Examples: chlorine-based, products, phenolics, improved hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, 70-90% alcohol
31
Q

Definition of:

1. Systhemic antimicrobials

A
  1. Systhemic antimicrobials: suitable for the destruction of the pathogens within the body
  2. Antiseptic: disinfect the skin (intact or wounded) & mucosal membranes (can be used on the body surface and muc.mem.) (eg. chlorhexidine and Povidone iodine: organic compelx of iodine that releases iodine - less painfull)
32
Q

Methods of disinfection

A
  • Physical (high temperature, radiation, ultrasound)
  • Biological (contribution to the survival and multiplication of the non-pathogens)
  • Chemical (e.g. extreme pH values, ion concentrations, osmotic concentrations, free radicals, substitution) (e.g. bleach and glutar aldehyde)
33
Q

Types of high temp. disinfection

A
  • Wet (autoclave - best for equipment - 120 degree, 1 bar pressure, 15-20 min)
  • Dry (160-180 degree in 1,5h - will damage the quipment)
34
Q

Radiation disinfection usage

A

Disposible equipments, eg. needles, syringes, scalpel blades, IV catheters (gamma)

35
Q

A perfect disinfectant

A

is expected…
• to have wide spectra and -cid effect
• not to be irritative to the tissues
• not to be allergic, teratogenic, cancerogenic or mutagenic
• not to corrode or colour the objects
• to deodorise the surroundings
• to be resistant to different physical effects
• to be easily decomposable
• to be cheap and easy to supply
• (to be easily tested whether the application proves to be effective or not)

36
Q

The influencing factors of the effectiveness of disinfection

A
  • the physical qualities of the disinfectant
  • the physical qualities of the object to be disinfected
  • the time available for the reaction
  • the temperature and pH value
  • the impurity of the objects with organic compounds
  • the number and the capability of resistance of the microorganisms
37
Q

Chemical disinfectants

A 
• Acidsandalkalies 
• Alcohols
• Biguanides
• Oxidizing agents:
– Peroxides
– Halogens and halogen-containing compounds 
• Metals
• Phenols and related compounds • Reducing agents
• Surface-activecompounds
• Dyes
38
Q

Periodical stable disinfection

A
  • At appropriate intervals, according to the technology, disinfection of a building or part of a building
  • When the production is completed, and then the animals are removed, “all-in-all-out”
  • If dangerous disease has not occured
    1. Cleaning: take out everything (hay, manure) that can decrease effectivity
    2. Washing: get rid of organic material with detergent
    3. Disinfection
    4. Service period/rest
39
Q

Types of washing detergents

A
  1. Anionic (less effective: soaps, do not disinfect)
  2. Cationic (better: quaternary ammonium compounds, will disinfect - good for pre op washing of hands)
    - Quaternary ammonium salts: Bradophen (not only a detergent but also disinf.)
40
Q

Strict stable disinfection

A
  • if an infectious disease causing major economic damage occurs (List A)
  • The building, its surroundings, the furnishings, tools, manure, the equipment, clothing and footwear in the practice, and the people and animals must be disinfected
  • In accordance with the provisions of the state veterinary rules.
    1. Washing (already cleaned)
    2. Disinfection
    3. Rest
  • Wooden equipment must be burned, ground must be dug out (20-30cm depth) if it is soil (not concrete, poultry and swine is usually kept on concrete), but Ru is often on soil. The stool/manure must be dug deep to the ground
41
Q

Examples of List A diseases

A

Foot and mouth, African swine fever,

42
Q

Hypochlorites

A

-Na-hypochlorite 3-5 %
-Calcium hypochlorite 5-30 %
Cheap, freq. used, - bleach - remember

43
Q

Iodophores

A

-Polyvidon-iodine complex 2%

44
Q

Aldehydes

A
  • Formaldehyde 2-3% v. aerosol (Vapor (gas): good: best way to sterilize a room! But carcinogenic (cheap), so infreq. use )
  • Glutaraldehyde (small conc. needed) + quaternery ammonium compounds 0.5-1%
45
Q

Tensids

A

-Bradophen 1-2%

46
Q

What to use for…

  1. Floor, walls, porous surfaces
  2. Tools, equipment
  3. If the animals are in the building
  4. Disinfection of the examining rooms
  5. Personal disinfecting:
    a) Clothes, hands and legs
    b) Body surface disinfection
  6. Disinfection of animals
  7. Disinfecting wells
A 
1. Floor, walls, porous surfaces: 
– Aldehydes, hypochlorites
2. Tools, equipment:
– Aldehydes, hypochlorites, chloramines (Corrosive!!!)
– Surfactants
3. If the animals are in the building: 
– Surfactants, chloramines
4. Disinfection of the examining rooms:
– detergents,
– iodophores,
– aldehyde
5. Personal disinfecting:
a) Clothes, hands and legs: 2% formaline
b) Body surface disinfection: 
• 2% iodophor solution
• 2% lactic acid solution
• 2% acetic acid solution
• 1% KMnO4 (TINTS!!!)
6. Disinfection of animals:
a) surface: 0.5% warm NaOH
b) hooves: 2% warm formaline or mixture of 1% formaline and 0.5% NaOH (clean hooves before!)
7. Disinfecting wells
– Calcium hypochlorite (solide)
– Calcium hypochlorite + NaOH 
– Sodium-hypochlorite (bleach) (liquid)
47
Q

Bacterias we disinfect against with udder disinfection

A

Staphylo- and streptococci, Corynebacteria, E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp.

48
Q

Disinfection in food industry

A

– only disinfectants used, that do not damage the food, and not toxic for the consumer
– the agents may not get in contact with food, either directly or indirectly
– cleansing: coarse dirt removal
– Cleaning, disinfecting: physical heat (82oC water or 100oC steam) or chemical substances

49
Q

Agents with chlorine content

A
  1. Sodium hypochlorite - Tools, equipment, machinery, washable surfaces (0.5-1%) Floor deflectors (2%), trash collectors (3-5%)
  2. Ca hypochlorite - Floor, deflectors, trash collectors (conc.)
  3. Chloramine B - Tools, equipment, machinery, washable surfaces (0.5%)
50
Q

Agents with iodine content

A

Iodophor - Tools, equipment, machinery, washable surfaces (0.5-2)

51
Q

Aldehydes

A
  1. Formaldehyde - Non-corrodating surfaces (2%), Closed containers (25 g/m3), building (air)
  2. Glutraldehyde+ surfactants - Tools, equipment, machinery, washable surfaces (0.5-1%)
52
Q

Surfactants

A
  1. Bradophen - Tools, equipment, machinery, washable surfaces (0.5-1%)
  2. Surfactant combinations - Tools, equipment, machinery, washable surfaces (0.5-1%)
53
Q

Surgical hand disinfection: process

A

–Goal: destruction of the temporary and inactivation permanent (residual) microflora of the hand and the forearm skin
– Process:
• Nail cleaning
• Handwash
• Rinse
• Disinfection
• Rinse
• Drying
(Disinf - drying 3-5 times)
-Disinfection: Also performed by the 3 main substances Chlorhex. (prefered today), Bradophen, Pomidon-iodine - this is applied in an alcoholic solution: ethanol, methanol or most freq. isopropyl-alcohol - more active (remember this one!)
-Alcohol has a very quick action (other act slower) and evaporated from hands - benefits
Surgical hand disinfection :
– Process part 2: disinfectant should be used 5 times, covering the full surface of hands
• Required ammount: 25-40 ml
– Water based, detergent containing agent: should be rinsed by sterile water
– Alcohol based, detergent containing agent: rinse is forbidden, due to film-layer forming ability

54
Q

Surgical hand disinfection - agents

A
  • Iodophores
  • Alcohols
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Cationic detergents
55
Q

Disinfecting of the surgical area (patient): agents

A
  • Iodine tincture
  • Iodophores
  • Chlorhexidine
  • Alcohols

Pharmacology 1+2 (25 decks)

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