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Meharry PHARM > Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

how many lobes on right side of the lung

A

Right side has 3 lobes

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2
Q

ow many lobes on left side of the lung

A

2

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3
Q

what is surfactant

A

Essential fluid that lines the alveoli and
smallest bronchioles
• Reduces surface tension of the lung allowing
the oxygen and carbon dioxide across the
membrane

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4
Q

if not enough surfactant what will happen

A

alveoli will collapse

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5
Q

Colds, Allergic rhinitis… is this seen in upper or lower tract

A

upper respiratory tract

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6
Q

Asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis…. is this seen in upper or lower tract

A

Lower respiratory tract:

– Asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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7
Q

both upper and lower respiratory tract infections involved what

A

All involve obstruction of airflow through

the airways

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8
Q

Most cold are caused by what kind of infections

A

Most cold are caused by viral infections

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9
Q

what are the 2 kinds of viruses that cause colds

A

Rhinovirus

– Influenza

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10
Q

what are symptoms of the common cold

A

Symptoms:
excessive mucous production leads to sore throat,
coughing, upset stomach

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11
Q

what causes Allergic rhinitis

A

• Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

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12
Q

what are symptoms of Allergic rhinitis

A

Itchy nose/eyes, sneezing, nasal congestion

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13
Q

T/F allergic rhinitis is caused by allergens

A

true

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14
Q

a person has a fever, do they have a cold or an allergy

A

cold . A fever can occur with a severe cold, especially in

children, but is not an allergy symptom

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15
Q

a person has a sore throat , based on this can we deterimine if its a cold or allergies ?

A

A sore throat can occur with allergies but is more

common with a cold

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16
Q

Watery and itchy eyes are often a symptom of ….

A

Watery and itchy eyes are often a symptom of an allergy. ..

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17
Q

in mast cell degranulation what is released

A

Release of prostaglandins, histamine,

leukotrienes etc.

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18
Q

what kind of antibodies are formed

A

specific IgE antibody formation

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19
Q

wht is the function of antihistmines

A

Histamine receptor blockers

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20
Q

what are some adverse effects of antihitamines

A

Adverse Effects: Significant CNS depressant: drowsiness,

dizziness, hypotension, dry mouth.

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21
Q

When antihistamines are given does CNS sedation take place

A

yes, Antihistamines associated with sedation (CNS)

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22
Q

how do Non-sedating antihistamines work

A 
Works peripherally
(do not cross the blood brain barrier)
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23
Q

what is the function of Alpha adrenergic agonists:

A

Constricts dilated arteriole in the nasal mucosa,

thus reducing airway resistance

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24
Q

a drug crosses the blood brain barrier will there be CNS depression

A

yes

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25
Q

what is the target of corticosteroids

A

Nasal spray [not to deeply inhale because target is

NOSE not LUNG, THROAT]

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26
Q

what is used before exposure to allergens

A

• Cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer)

27
Q

adrenergic agonist

cholinergic antagonist

A

fyi

28
Q

do corticosteroids need to reach the lung

A

no, just the throat

29
Q

once again what do mast cells release

A

Release of prostaglandins, histamine,

leukotrienes etc

30
Q

what are 2 things to treat coughs

A

• Antitussives

Expectorants

31
Q

what is the » Gold standard for cough treatment

A

Codeine

32
Q

does opiod or non opiod surpress CNS

A

opiod suppresses it

33
Q

codeine is an example of an

A

opioid

34
Q

whats an example of a non opioid drug to treat a cough

A

Dextromethorphan

35
Q

what does Expectorant mean

A

relief of respiratory congestion and cough

suppression

36
Q

list some symptoms of asthma

A 
Shortness of breath
Cough
Chest tightness
Wheezing
Rapid respiration
37
Q

what is bronchial asthma

A

Recurrent and reversible shortness of breath
that occurs when the bronchi and bronchioles
become narrow as a result of bronchospasm,
inflammation, and edema of the bronchial
mucosa, and the production of viscid (sticky)
mucous

38
Q

what causes allergic asthma

A

Caused by hypersensitivity to an allergen or

allergens in the environment

39
Q

what are 3 key features of Pathophysiology of Asthma

A

Bronchoconstriction

Inflammation of bronchial wall

Increased secretion of mucus (mucosal edma)

40
Q

what chemicals must be targeted in the treatment of asthma

A

Histamine, Prostaglandins, acetylcholine,

interleukins, leukotrienes

41
Q

what are the 6 cells that are involved in the pathophysiology of asthma

A 
Mast cells
• Eosinophils
• T lymphocytes
• Macrophages
• Neutrophils
• Epithelial cells
42
Q

list 2 kinds of drug therapy that must be given for treatment of asthma

A

Bronchodilators

Anti inflammatory

43
Q

what kind of receptors do bronchodilators target in asthma

A

Beta-2 selective adrenergic agonists

Muscarinic antagonists (anti cholinergic)

44
Q

what is the short term drug therapy for asthma

A

Bronchodilators

45
Q

what is the function of anti inflamatory drug therapy for asthma

A

Mast cell stabilizers
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Glucocorticoids

46
Q

what is a long term controller for asthma

A

anti inflammatory drugs

47
Q

what is the function of Beta-2 selective adrenergic agonists

A

Leads to cAMP formation in smooth muscle cells of

the bronchi and dilates the airway

48
Q

are Beta-2 selective adrenergic agonists catecholamines?

A

no . They are not catecholamines and hence not

inactivated by COMT and hence actions last longer

49
Q

what is the function of Muscarinic Antagonists?

A

Blocks the muscarinic receptors in the airways and

prevents vasoconstriction

50
Q

what does acetylcholine cause

A

calcium release , calcium causes constriction

51
Q

what are 4 Adverse effects of Bronchodilators

A

Tachycardia
Palpitations
Headache
Tremor

52
Q

what is the function of a Mast cell stabilizer?

A

– inhibit release of histamines, prostaglandins, leukotriens

53
Q

what is the functon of a Leukotriene receptor antagonists:

A

Interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism and thus

inhibits synthesis and actions of leukotrienes

54
Q

what is the funciton of Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids):

A

Reduces the synthesis of arachidonic acid (precursor of
prostaglandin)
– Used for prophylaxis of chronic asthma

55
Q

what are the 3 routes of administration

A

Inhalation
– Enhance therapeutic effects
– Minimize systemic effects
– Rapid relief of acute attacks

Oral
• Produces systemic effects

Spacers
• Use with inhalation
• Increase drug delivery to target airway
• Decrease deposition of drug in oropharyngeal
mucosa

56
Q

T/F COPD is preventable and treatable but not fully reversible

A

true

57
Q

can COPD be fully reversed

A

no

58
Q

what are some symptoms of COPD

A 
Constant coughing
Excessive sputum production
Shortness of breath while doing activities
Inability to take a deep breath
Wheezing
59
Q

What are some risk factors for COPD

A

Cigarette smoke
Environmental tobacco smoke
Occupational dust and chemicals
Indoor/Outdoor air pollution

60
Q

What kinds of systemic consequences are associated with COPD

A 
Myocardial infarction, angina
Osteoporosis
Depression
Diabetes
Lung cancer
61
Q

What are the 3 central problems in COPD

A

Airflow Limitation
Inflammation
Structural changes

62
Q

What are the 3 structural changes that take place in COPD

A

Alveolar destruction
 Glandular hypertrophy
 Airway fibrosis

63
Q

What broad categories releive symptoms of COPD

A

Inhale bronchodilators alleviate

symptoms

64
Q

What types of drugs are used to alleviate symptoms of COPD and what kind of effect do they produce

A

Anticholinergic (cholinergic
antagonists) +
• Beta-2 adrenergic agonists

They
produce synergistic actions

Meharry PHARM (24 decks)

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