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drugs and addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some routes of administration for drugs

A

topical/ transdermal
orally/ gastrointestinal
pulmonary epithelia/ inhilation
injection

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2
Q

what is topical/ transdermal administration

A

direct local application of the drug to the place where it must act
ointments, creams, lotions, powders, sprays applied to the skin
eye drops and ophthalmic ointments
nose drops and sprays
ear drops
solutions /sprays for use in the mouth, throat, rectum, vagina, urethra - application of sufficiently small volumes and low concentrations to ensure drug acts only at that site
oral mucosa (sublingual)
rectal mucosa (suppositories, enemas)

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3
Q

what is orally/ gastrointestinal administration

A
  • stomach and intestine
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4
Q

what is pulmonary epithelia/ inhalation administration

A

absorbed through the lungs
gases, vapours, asthmatic medications (e.g., puffers)

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5
Q

what is injection administration

A
  • subcutaneous injection
    -intravenous administration
  • rapid infusion (aka bolus)
    -slow infusion
    -intra arterial injection
    -intramuscular injection
    -intrathecal injection
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6
Q

what is use of drugs

A

drug taking in the most general way, encompasses misuse and abuse

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7
Q

what is misuse of drugs

A

inappropriate use of legal drugs intended to be medications

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8
Q

what is abuse of drugs

A

any use of an illegal drug, or the use of a legal drug when it is detrimental to health

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9
Q

what is tolerance

A
  • an acquired reaction to a drugs
  • continued intake of the same dose has demising effects
  • cross- tolerance
    transfer of tolerance from one drug to another within the same general category
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10
Q

what is dependance

A

general term that reflects the need to keep consuming a drug for psychological or physical reasons, or both

psychoactive drugs have strong potential for dependence development:
patterns of nervous system function are altered
if provide perceived benefits, drug use may continue (possibly at higher dosages)
if continue use …. user may develop dependence

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11
Q

what is psychological dependance/ habituation

A

persons who have developed strong desires to continue the use of a particular drug

habit

feel need to consume drug to maintain a sense of well-being

abrupt withdrawal would not initiate fully expressed withdrawal illness … minor symptoms

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12
Q

what is physical dependance/ addiction

A

persons who have developed strong desires to continue the use of a particular drug

habit

feel need to consume drug to maintain a sense of well-being

abrupt withdrawal would not initiate fully expressed withdrawal illness … minor symptoms’

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13
Q

what is addiction

A

continued involvement with substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequences

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14
Q

what are the four criteria for a physiological addiction

A

craving
tolerance
withdrawal
relapse

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15
Q

what is addictive behaviour

A

addictive behaviours are habits that are out of control, resulting in a negative impact on a person’s health
addiction is most often associated with drug use
many experts now extend the concept of addiction to other behaviours
others may include: shopping, eating, gambling, sex, television, video games, work, alcohol

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16
Q

what is exercise addiction

A

use exercise compulsively to meet needs of intimacy, nurturance, self-esteem, and self-competency
are traditionally women, but men too are developing more unhealthy exercise patterns
more men are abusing steroids and overexercising

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17
Q

what are negative consequences of exercise

A

alienation of family and friends
injuries from overdoing it
craving for more

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18
Q

what is club drugs

A

substances commonly used at nightclubs, music festivals, raves, and dance parties to enhance social intimacy and sensory stimulation
the most widely used club drugs are 3,4-methylenedioxymetham-phetamine (MDMA), also known as ecstasy; gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB); flunitrazepam (Rohypnol); and ketamine (Ketalar).
popular because of their low cost and convenient distribution as small pills, powders, or liquids
usually are taken orally and may be taken in combination with each other, with alcohol, or with other drugs
they are often adulterated or misrepresented
any club drug overdose should therefore be suspected as polydrug use with the actual substance and dose unknown

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19
Q

what are methamphetamines

A

powerfully addicting and easily made using the over the counter drugs and materials

can be snorted, injected, smoked or injected orally

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20
Q

what are the effects of methamphetamines

A

small doses increase alterness and decrease appetite

large doses can lead to convulsions, hallucinations and death

users experience tolerance immediately making meth a highly addictive drug

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21
Q

what is the first step in the process of addiction

A

exposure

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22
Q

what is exposure

A

person must be exposed to drug or behaviour
can begin after person is exposed to a drug or behaviour that he/she finds enjoyable
drug/behaviour may replace unpleasant feeling or sensation
initial pleasure gradually (or quickly) become a focal point

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23
Q

what is compulsion in the process of addiction

A

distinguished by obsession, or excessive preoccupation with the behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it

increasingly more energy, time and money are spent pursuing drug/behaviour

at this point, said to have a compulsion for the drug/behaviour

repeated exposure to drug/behaviour continue despite negative effects

“normal” life likely to degenerate - family, friend, work, etc … less important

development of tolerance and withdrawal are possible

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24
Q

what happens during loss of control

Study These Flashcards
A

is the inability to reliably predict whether any isolated occurrence of the behavior will be healthy or damaging
over time, search for highs become obsession … try to avoid effects of withdrawal
lose ability to control behaviours
continue to behave in ways that make lives worse (despite neg. consequences)

25
what are negative consequences of addiction
such as physical damage, legal trouble, financial problems, academic failure, and family dissolution, do not occur with healthy involvement in any behavior
26
what is the biopsychosocial model
proposes that addiction is caused by a variety of factors operating together
27
what is the biological or disease influences model of addiction
serotonins and GABA
28
what are environmental influences of addiction
cultural expectations, attitudes, and messaging social learning theory
29
what are individual factors that can contribute to addiction
genetic predisposition personality traits, attitudes & beliefs interpersonal skills
30
what are immediate factors that contribute to addiction
home and family school peers
31
what are larger society factors that influence addiction
youth subculture modelling and advertising technological advances
32
what impact does addiction have on family and friends
- codependence a person is "addicted to the addict" the person assumes responsibility for meeting the addicts needs and neglects his or her own -enablers people who knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the natural consequences of their actions
33
what is innervation
planned process of confrontation by people who are important to the addict its purpose is to allow the addict to see the destructive nature of the addiction
34
what is treatment
abstinence is refraining from the addictive behavior detoxification is adjustment physically and cognitively to being free from the influence of addiction
35
what are the 3 strategies for addiction treatment that were studied
- cognitive behavioural therapy - motivational psychology - x=12 step program
36
what is the focus for treatment selection
the focus for treatment selection should be on choosing a program that was competently run
37
what is withdrawal illness
uncomfortable, perhaps toxic response of the body as it attempts to maintain homeostasis in the absence of a drug may include: mild to severe irritability depression, nervousness, digestive difficulties, abdominal pain
38
what is relapse
is isolated or complete return to addictive behavior relapse prevention requires the addict and significant others to recognize the signs of imminent relapse and to develop a plan for responding to the signs relapse is not a failure to change or a lack of desire to stay well
39
what is the first line of treatment for opioid overdoses
Naloxone
40
what are prescription and OTC medications capable of
- curing diseases -easing pain -calming fears -alleviating anxiety and frustration - releasing sleepiness - treating many health problems
41
what is the definition of drug
any substance, other than a normal constituent of the body or one that is required for normal body function, that when applied to or introduced into a living organism, has the affect of altering body functions
42
what is the definition of pharmacology
the science that deals with the fate of drugs in the body and their actions on the body
43
what is pharmacy
the science of preparation of drugs
44
what is therapeutics
treatments of disease, by drugs and other means
45
what is medicine
drugs whose primary function is to heal unhealthy tissue used to ease pain, prevent illness, diagnose health conditions
46
what is psyonactive/ psychotropic
any substance capable of altering ones feeling, moods or perceptions examples: stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opiates, inhalant
47
what are the drug classifications
central nervous system (CNS)- depressants CNS- stimulants hallucinogens/ psychedelic drugs dissociate anesthetics narcotic analgesics inhalants cannabis
48
what are central nervous system (CNS)- depressants
psychoactive drugs that reduce the function of the CNS examples: alcohol, barbiturates , tranquillizers, anti depressants
49
what are stimulants
psychoactive drugs that stimulate the function of the CNS examples: caffeine, ice, cocaine
50
what are hallucinogen/ psychedelic drugs
psychoactive drugs capable of producing hallucinations, distortions or reality example: LSD, mescaline
51
what are dissociate anesthetics
psychoactive drug that inhibit pain by cutting off or dissociating the brains perception of the pain examples: dextromethorphan, ketamine, phencyclidine
52
what are narcotic analgesics
psychoactive drugs derived from the prenatal poppy plant - narcotic analgesics relieve pain, induce euphoria, induce sleep and create mood changes examples: opium, codeine, heroin, morphine, oxycontin
53
what is cannabis
scientific name for marijuana active ingredient in cannabis is delta- 9 tetrahydrocannabinol or TCH produces euphoria, relaxed inhibitions, increased appetite, disoriented behaviour includes cannabinoids and synthetics like dronabinol
54
what are inhalants
psychoactive drugs that enter the body through inhalation produce mint altering results and effects examples: toluene, plastic cement, anesthetic gases
55
what does pharmakinetics study
- the routes and mechanisms of absorption and excretion - the rate at which a drugs action begins and the duration of the effect - the biotransformation of the substance in the body - the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug
56
what does pharmodynamics study
the study of how a drug acts on a living organism the pharmacologic response observed relative to the concentration of the drug at an active site in the organism
57
what are phrarmodynamic variations
changes in tissue response can be caused by disease processes drug interactions previous drug history dosage in children of different ages dosages for adults should take account of body size and build
58
what is bioavailability
the degree of activity or amount of an administered drug or other substance that becomes available for activity in the target tissue variety of physiologic factors in GI tract and liver - diarrhea - vomiting - steatorrhea - billiard obstruction
59
what are sources of variation in drug response
compliance- not following direction why not? - complexity and inconvenience - continuity and ease of contact with physician - psychiatric illnesses

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