Drugs and Pharmacology Flashcards
(428 cards)
1
Q
What is pharmacology?
A
Pharmacology is the study of drugs or chemicals and their biological effect(s) on living organism.
2
Q
What do drugs do?
A
Any substance that when administered to living organisms, produces a change in function at the cellular or metabolic pathway level.
3
Q
What is a drug?
A
Any medication that has medicinalor healing properties and is used for treating diseaseor alleviating symptoms.
4
Q
What are some sources of drugs?
A
Early daysDrugswere obtained from plant or animalsources (e.g. flowers, tissues of any living organism). Some drugs like morphine, digitalis and insulin are still derived from these sources.TodayDrugs are artificially made in a chemical laboratory.
5
Q
What are twomajor categories of medicines in North America?
A
Drugs thatcan be obtained over the counter (OTC) and Drugs that require a prescriptionor prescription only medication.
6
Q
T or F. Just as there are specialties in medicine or surgery, there are subspecialties in pharmacology.
A
True.Pharmacology is subdivided into several major areas with each one being an entire area of specialization.
7
Q
Subspecialty: What is chemotherapy?
A
Study of the use of drugs in the treatment of cancerand other diseases.
8
Q
Subspecialty: What is medicinal chemistry?
A
Study of new drug synthesis(process of artificially manufacturing drugs) as well as existing drugs
9
Q
Subspecialty: What is molecular pharmacology?
A
Study of the interactionof drugs and subcellular components
10
Q
Subspecialty: What is pharmacodynamics?
A
What a drug does to the body.
11
Q
Subspecialty: What is pharmacokinetics?
A
What the body does to the drug.Metabolism - physical and chemical changes to the drug in the bodyAbsorption - how drugs get into the bloodstream Distribution - how drugs move from the bloodstream to tissuesExcretion - how a drug and its waste products are excretedMADE
12
Q
Subspecialty: What is toxicology?
A
Study of harmful effects of drugs on living tissue.
13
Q
Subspecialty: What is pharmacy?
A
Preparation and dispensing of medications.
14
Q
Subspecialty: What is pharmacognosy?
A
Study of the physical and chemical propertiesof animal and plant sources of medication
15
Q
Subspecialty: What is pharmacotherapeutics?
A
The clinical application of pharmacokineticsand pharmacodynamics
16
Q
Subspecialty: What is biopharmaceutics?
A
Examines dosingand drug delivery methods.
17
Q
Every drug has a minimumof ____ names. They are:
A
Three.
- chemical
- generic
- brand
18
Q
T or F: Drugs sold in Canada must be approved and monitored to ensure that the quality is consistent and adverse effects are reported.
A
True.
19
Q
When a drug is discovered or created, it is given a ______ name based on the elements in the drug.
A
Chemical.
20
Q
In Canada, who reviews new drugs for safety and effectiveness?
A
The Therapeutic Products Directorate.
21
Q
In the US, who reviews new drugs for safety and effectiveness?
A
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
22
Q
Who approves all drugs that are sold in Canada?
A
The Federal Health Protection Branch. Different from the Therapeutic Products Directorate, which reviews only NEW DRUGS for safety and effectiveness.
23
Q
Who governs the sale, possession, manufacture, and distribution of narcotics and other controlled substances including opium, cocaine and marijuana?
A
The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
24
Q
Who decides drug pricing in Canada?
A
Patented Medicine Prices Review Board
25
Once new drugs are reviewed by the Therapeutic Products Directorate for safety and effectiveness, it is given a shorter name or ______ name.
Generic.
26
What is a brand/trade/proprietary name?
Name assigned by the pharmaceutical company that manufactured the drug.
27
New drugs are patent protected for a period of __ years.
20 years.
28
What does it mean when a drug is patent protected?
The manufacturing company is legally protected from other pharmaceutical companies creating their own generic form for 20 years. After 20 years, any company can manufacture a generic copy of that drug.
29
How do drug patents help?
They help recoup the cost of research and development of new drugs.
30
What are characteristics of brand/trade/proprietary names?
Brand names are capitalized, easier to remember, easier to pronounce, shorter. CR(A)PS
31
What are characteristics of generic names?
Spelled using lower case.
32
What are characteristics of chemical names?
Based on the elements in the drug which are usually difficult and complex.
33
acetaminophen > Tylenol
generic name > brand name
34
ibuprofen > Advil
generic name > brand name
35
Ativan > lorazepam
brand name > generic name
36
What is the difference in the quality, purity, effectiveness and safety between generic drugs and brand name drugs?
None. Both generic and brand name drugs are subject to the same standards. Each product must meet regulations established by the Food and Drug Act.
37
T or F. Manufactures must prove to the Provincial Ministries of Health that active ingredients in brand medicine are as ___________ as the original product.
True. Quality Purity Safety - Dissolve (at same rate) Effectiveness AbsorptionQPS-DEA
38
What is the difference in price between brand and generic drugs?
Generic drugs cost 40-50% less than brand name drugs.
39
What is a narcotic?
A drug that dulls sensibility, relives pain, and causes sleepiness.
40
T or F. Most narcotics are not addictive.
False. Most narcotics are addictive.
41
What is a newer term used for a narcotic?
Opioid analgesic.
42
What are 3 rules that help regulate narcotic use?
Narcotics must be kept locked away at all times. A record must be kept of the a. name of person receiving, prescribing and administering the the narcotic, b. date the prescription was filled, c. amount of drug remaining. Loss or theft of any narcotic must be recorded and reported to the government within 10 days of discovery.
LRG - N(rpa)DALocked, Record, GovernmentName (receiving, prescribing, administering), Date, Amount of drug
43
What is the most imporant Canadia reference book for prescription drugs?
The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS). The Compendium of Nonprescription Products (CNP).
44
What is the Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS)?
Annual alphabetical compilation of drugs also available in electronic form called the e-CPS.
45
Who produces the CPS?
The Canadian Pharmaceutical Association.
46
What is the most significant factor in the speed of drug action?
The route of drug administration.
47
What are the most common routes of drug administration?
Oral and parenteral (injection or infusion).
48
List the 6 methods of drug administration.
* Oral
* Parenteral
* Sublingual
* Rectal
* Inhalation
* Topical
O SPRIT!oral > sublingual > parenteral > rectal > inhalation > topical
49
What is the safest and most convenient method of administering drugs?
Oral administration
50
Oral administration usually requires ____ minutes before significant absorption.
30-60 minutes
51
With oral administration, absorption occurs in the __________________.
gastrointestrinal tract
52
How does food affect drug absorption when drugs are orally administered?
Food and water minimize gastric irritation, delays drug absorption, and prolongs the onset of drug action.
53
T or F. Drugs taken orally can be removed within the first few hours by gastric lavage/induced vomiting in case of drug overdose or accidental poisoining.
True.
54
What is done in a parenteral drug administration?
Drugs are given by injection from a needle/syringe or a needle/intravenous tubing.
55
List the eight routes of parenteral administration.
* Subcutaneous
* Intradermal
* Intramuscular
* Intravenous
* Intrathecal
* Intracavitary
* Intracardiac
* Intracapsular/Intraarticular
sub, dermal, muscle, venous, thecal, cavitary, cardiac, capsular/articularVTAMDS - CCCvitameds - cccvenous, thecal, articular, muscular, dermal, subcutaneous, cavitary, cardiac, capsular
56
What is the fastest route of parenteral administration and why?
Intravenous injection (IV) is the fastest route of parenteral administration because drugs enter the bloodstream immediately.
57
Intravenous injections are injected directly into a ____ and given when a drug can't be injected into other _______.
Vein, tissues.
58
Which parenteral administration is used for spinal anesthesia and treatment of leukemia?
Intrathecal or intraspinal injection.
59
What is the injection site for intrathecal injection?
Below the meninges (protective padding surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
60
What is the most frequently used injection in parenteral administration and why?
61
Which muscles are usually injected in an intramuscular injection?
Muscle of a buttock or an upper arm. Also the thigh muscle for epinephrine administration.
62
Which parenteral administration is used mainly for skin testing allergies and tuberculosis testing (Mantoux test)?
Intradermal.
63
Intradermal injections are injected within the layers of the ____.
Skin.
64
Subcutaneous injections are injected beneath the ____ into the ______ usually in th outer surface of the arm.
Skin, subcutaneous layer
65
How are subcutaneous and intradermal injections different?
Subcutaneous injections are injected into the tissue layer between the skin and the muscle while intradermal injections are injected within the layers of skin (dermis).
66
Which parenteral administration is injected into a body cavity?
Intracavitary injection.
67
List two examples of intracavitary injections.
* Peritoneal dialysis injection
| * Some types of chemotherapy
68
Which parenteral administration is injected directly into the heart?
Intracardiac injection.
69
GIve an example of an intracardiac injection.
Epinephrine can be injected into the heart after cardiac arrest in an effort to bring back blood pressure.
70
Which parenteral administration is injected into a joint?
Intracapsular or intraarticular injection
71
Give an example of intracapsular injection.
Anti-inflammatory drugs can be injected in the shoulders, elbows, wrists, ankles (as in gout), knees, and hips
72
During sublingual administration of drugs, a tablet is placed under the _____ and allowed to dissolve.
Tongue.
73
Give an example of a drug that works well when administered sublingually.
Nitroglycerin a vasodilator and muscle relaxant that relieves angina pectoris pain almost instantly.
74
When are drugs usually rectally administrated?
If the physician has the ordered a patient to have NPO (nothing by mouth) or the patient cannot swallow.
75
What are suppositories and enemas?
The shape or form of a drug administered rectally. Suppositories are cone shaped tablets meant to dissolve in the rectum/vagina while enemas are liquids or gases injected into the rectum.
76
What are the most common types of drugs given rectally?
Sedatives, antiemetics, and antipyretics.SEP
77
What are two ways to administer drugs by inhaling?
Spray or Mist -- inhaled as droplets such as nebulizers for asthmapatients, vaporizers or nasal spray bottles
Gases -- nitrous oxide, an anesthetic inhaled for general anesthesia ex. wisdom teeth extraction.
78
What are two types of topical application?
Dermal applications and mucous membrane applications.
79
What is the difference between a cream and an ointment?
If skin is wet, use cream, if skin is dry, use ointment.
80
What is a liniment?
A medicated liquid used to counteract an inflammation or irritation
81
What are mucosal membrane applications?
Drugs in the form of sterile liquid applied by drops. ex. eye, ear, and nose drops
82
What does drug action mean?
Describes how the body manages drugs after they have been absorbed in the blood stream
83
What is individual variation?
An identical drug and/or dosage may produce an intense response in one individual and no observable effect in another. Variation occurs as the result of several factors >
84
List the factors that influence individual variation.
* Age
* Weight
* Gender
* Emotional State
* Placebo Effect
* Presence of Disease
AW PEG D!age weight placebo emotional state gender disease
85
Why are infants and children much more sensitive to the effects of drugs?
The inability to metabolize drugs related to immature enzyme systems in the liver.
86
T or F. In the elderly, decreased liver enzymatic activity and reduced renal function results in a decreased ability to metabolize and to excrete drugs. therefore, dosages in the elderly are usually reduced.
True.
87
How are dosages determined for children?
By consideration of the child's age or weight
88
T or F. Most adult dosages are calculated for the average adult height.
False. Weight.
89
T or F. Because of a higher percentage of body fat, males may experience a greater drug effect than females because a higher concentration of drugs will be exposed to the more active tissues.
False. Females experience a greater drug effect.
90
T or F. Some individuals who are excited or extremely anxious requires the same dose of tranquilizer or hypnotic as an individual who is not emotionally stimulated.
False. People who are emotionally stimulated may require a larger dose
91
What is the placebo effect?
The influence of one's mind on the course of treatment.
92
T or F. Patients with liver or kidney disease suffer a greater incident of adverse drug effects because they are unable to effectively eliminate drugs properly.
T.
93
What is drug absorption?
Drug absorption refers to the entrance of a drug into the bloodstream.
94
In order for absorption to occur, the drug must be dissolved within the ________.
Body fluids.
95
Drugs must pass through the membranes of the ________________ and __________ before they gain access to the blood. With the exception of __________ and _________ administration.
gastrointestinal lining and blood vessels. With the exception of intravenous or intra-arterial administration
96
What factors affect drug absorption of oral medications?
```
Time required to empty the stomach
Acidity of the stomach
Presence of food in the stomach
Other ingredients in the tablet
TEA POItime to empty stomach, acidity, presence of food, other ingredients
```
97
After a drug gains access to the blood, it is distributed to the various _____ and _____.
Tissues and organs.
98
List the 3 factors that determine what percentage of a drug will reach any one particular organ or area of the body.
* Plasma Protein Binding
* Blood Flow
* Blood Brain Barrier
peanut butter, boyfriend, body butterplasma protein binding, blood flow, BBB
99
T or F. Many drugs are attracted to proteins such as albumin and globulins.
True.
100
Tor F. Some drug molecules blind to plasma protein while a portion of drug molecules remain unbound or free in circulation.
True.
101
T or F. There is competition between drugs or other plasma substances for the same plasma protein-binding side, where one drug may displace another.
True.
102
In some cases of plasma protein binding, the competition causes the free drug concentration to ______ which can lead to adverse effects similar to overdose.
Increase.
103
Which organs in the body have the largest blood supply and are exposed to the largest amount of the drug?
The brain, liver and kidney.
104
Adipose or fat tissue don't accumulate large amounts of most drugs because they receive a poor amount ob blood supply. What type of drugs enter adipose tissue easily?
Highly lipid-soluble drugs
105
An additional lipid barrier that protects the brain by resisting the passage of microorganisms and other water-soluble molecules.
What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?
106
T or F. A drug must have a certain degree of lipid solubility if it's to penetrate the BBB and gain access to the brain.
True.
107
__________ refers to the chemical alteration of various substances (e.g. drugs, foreign compounds) within the body.
Metabolism.
108
What is the purpose of drug metabolism?
Either
Inactivate a drug for the purpose of excretion
Activate the drug to produce a therapeutic effect or prolong the drug action
Inactivate for excretionActivate for therapeutic effectActivate to prolong the drug action
109
The ______ is the main organ involved in drug metabolism.
Liver.
110
T or F. Within the cells of the liver are a group of enzymes that function to metabolize foreign (drug) subtances. These enzymes take lipid soluble drugs and chemically alter them so they become water-soluble compounds.
True.
111
The ____ can excrete water-soluble compounds whereas lipod-soluble compounds are repeatedly reabsorbed back in the blood.
Kidneys.
112
What are the common pathways of drug excretion?
Through urine, feces, and exhaled gases. Some drugs are also excreted through sweat, saliva, and breast milk.
113
The _____ is the most important organ for drug metabolism but the _____ are the most important organs for drug excretion.
Liver, kidneys
114
T or F. The respiratory system plays a significant role in drug excretion.
False. There are however some drugs that are metabolized to products that can be exchanged from the blood into the respiratory tract.
115
What organ excretes general anesthetic gases?
The lungs.
116
Drug action terminology: The action of drugs can be enhance, diminished, or inactivated under certain circumstances.
Drug interaction.
117
Drug action terminology: A sudden or delayed, unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug.
Adverse reaction
118
Drug action terminology: The action of repeated doses of drugs that are not immediately eliminated from the body. Results in high accumulation of the drug in the body.
Cumulative action
119
Drug action terminology: Acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological and/or physical symptoms of withdrawal when the drug is discontinued.
Dependence.
120
Drug action terminology: The combined effect of two drugs equal to the sum of their individual effects. Used to combat side effects.
Additive action.a + b = a or b
121
Drug interaction terminology: When the combined effect of two drugs is less than the effect of each drug alone. Often used to reverse an overdose or a toxic effect.
AntagonismA + B = a
122
Drug interaction terminology: Two drugs together cause each one to produce an effect neither could produce on its own
Synergism/potentiationa + b = Aan antihistamine taken with an opiod analgesic intensifies the effect of the narcotic so that less of the opiod is needed
123
What is the difference between drug-drug interaction, drug-food interaction, drug-herb interaction?
Drug-drug interaction two drugs administered together can affect the response of either oneDrug-food interaction some drugs are inactivated when food is present in the stomachDrug-herb interaction some drugs are enhanced in the presence of herbal remedies
124
Drug action terminology: an over responsiveness to drug action - even to small doses. Allergic reaction
Hypersensitivity
125
Drug action terminology: the side effects of treatment
Iatrogenic
126
Drug action terminology: An abnormal drug response occuring in individuals who have a peculiar, often hereditary defect in their body chemistry which produces an effect totally unrelated to the drug's normal pharmacological action.
Idiosyncrasy
127
T or F. Idiosyncrasy is a form of allergy.
False. Ex. agitation when taking sleeping pills
128
T or F. Overdoses are limited to doses that clearly exceed the normal dosage recommended by the manufacturer.
False. Not limited to excess. The optimal drugs of many drugs varies from person to person. What may be an average dose for the majority of individuals will be an overdose for some and an underdose for others.
129
Drug action terminology: A drug-induced change in the skin that results in the development of a rash/sunburn when exposed to the sun or ultraviolet lamps
Photosensitivity
130
Drug action terminology: Normal, expected, and predictable responses to a drug that accompanies the intended response sought in treatment.
Side effects.
131
T or F. Side effects are part of a drug's pharmacological activity and are unavoidable.
True.
132
Drug action terminology: the effect of drugs that produce birth defects
Teratogenic effect
133
Drug action terminology: The effects of a given dose of drug diminish as the drug is administered over a period of time; therefore, larger doses must be given. Body tissues become accustomed to the drug's presence and react to it less vigorously
Tolerance
134
When a patient finds that the usual dose of codeine is no longer sufficient to relieve pain and has to increase the dosage (which creates a risk for addiction), this is called _________.
Harmful tolerance
135
T or F. Tolerance can only be harmful in treatment.
False. Tolerance can be beneficial
136
____________ is an adverse reaction to the administration of a drug. The drug has become poisonous to the body. Goes beyond side effects in that which it produces harmful changes
Drug toxicity
137
T or F. Toxicology can be due to a one time overdose or normal doses given over a period of time
True.
138
Vitamin _ is the antidote for toxic levels of Coumadin.
K
139
Vitamin _ deficiency can cause night blindness and lack of resistance to infections
A
140
Vitamin _ deficiency can cause hemolysis
Vitamin E
141
Vitamin _ deficiency can cause hemorrhages
Vitamin K
142
Minerals make up approximately ___ of body weight, 75% of which are _______ and ________.
4%. Calcium and phosphorus.
143
MInerals and vitamins are not used for fuel, they join with other nutrients to ensure __________ of the body cells.
Proper functioning
144
Mineral role: hardness of bones and teeth; blood clotting
Calcium
145
Mineral role: Formation of bones and teeth; energy storage; energy transfer
Phosphorus
146
Mineral role: Proper functioning of the muscles and nerves; bone formation
Magnesium
147
Mineral role: Helps to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure; nerve conduction; muscle contraction
Potassium
148
Mineral role: Essential part of insulin; regulates various body activities such as energy storage
Sulfur
149
Mineral role: Main electrolyte responsible for water balance; needed for neuromuscular function
Sodium
150
Mineral role: Required for hydrochloric acid formation by stomach glands to aid in digestion
Chlorine
151
before meals
ac
152
after meals
pc
153
ad, as, au
right ear, left ear, both ears
154
c (with bar on top), s (with bar on top)
with, without
155
gt; gtt
drop, drops
156
HS/hs
hour of sleep (bedtime)
157
nothing by mouth
NPO
158
od, os, ou
right eye, left eye, both eyes
159
PR
per rectum
160
PRN vs ad lib
as needed, as desired
161
Sig
label; instructions
162
SC or SUBQ or subq
subcutaneous injection
163
new drug synthesis
medicinal chemistry
164
drug effects on the body
pharmacodynamics
165
drug's absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion over time
pharmacokinetics
166
interaction of drugs and components inside the cell or on the cell surface
molecular pharmacology
167
use of drugs in treatment of cancer and infectious disease
chemotherapy
168
studies of harmful effects of drugs on the body
toxicology
169
administration of drugs by mouth
oral administration
170
administration of drugs placed under the tongue that dissolve in saliva
sublingual
171
administration of drugs inserted into the rectum
rectal
172
administration of drugs where there is an injection of drug from a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin, into a muscle, vein or body cavity
parenteral administration
173
parenteral administration injection is made into a body cavity such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity
intercavitary instillation
174
parenteral administration occurs in the space under the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain
intrathecal instillation
175
administration of drugs taken into the nose or moth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of air sacs in the lungs
inhalation
176
administration of drugs where particles of drugs suspended in air are administered by inhalation
aerosols
177
administration of drugs applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
topical application
178
2 topical drugs commonly used as ointments, creams and lotions
1. antiseptics2. antipruritics
179
patches used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin
transdermal patches
180
3 oral vehicles for administration
1. caplets2. capsules3. tablets
181
1 sublingual vehicle for administration
tablets
182
1 rectal vehicle for administration
suppositories
183
2 parenteral vehicles for administration
1. injections2. instillations
184
7 types of injections and instillations
1. intracavitary2. intradermal3. intramuscular4. intrathecal5. intravenous6. pumps7. subcutaneous
185
1 vehicle for inhalation administration
aerosols
186
4 vehicles for topical administration
1. lotions2. creams3. ointments4. transdermal patches
187
drug family that lessens pain
analgesics
188
drug family that reduces or eliminates sensation
anesthetic
189
drug family: chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi or parasites
antiobiotics and antivirals
190
microorganism that inhibits bacteria, fungi, or parasites
bacteriostatic
191
microorganism that kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites
bactericidal
192
drug family that treats fungal infections
antifungal
193
drug family that prevents clotting or coagulation of blood
anticoagulants and antiplatelet
194
drug family that prevents or reduces frequency of convulsions in various types of seizure disorders or epilepsy
anticonvulsants
195
drug family that treat symptoms of depressions; also mild sedatives
antidepressants
196
drug family that treats symptoms of Alzheimer disease by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding brain cells from glutamate
anti-Alzheimer drugs
197
drug family used to treat diabetes mellitus
antidiabetics
198
drug family that blocks the action of histamine, which is normally released in the body in allergic reactions
antihistamines
199
drug family that prevent nausea; used to prevent motion sickness
antiemetic
200
drug family that act on the heart or the blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, MI, CHF and arrhythmias
cardiovascular drugs
201
drug family that dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improving the performance of the heart, and reduce workload
angiotensin-convering enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
202
drug family that lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
203
drug family that reverse abnormal heart rhythms
antiarrhythmics
204
drug family that decrease muscular tone in blood vessels, slow heart rate, decrease heart output, reduce blood pressure by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart/blood vessels
beta blockers
205
drug family that dilates blood vessels and lower blood pressure and treat angina and arrhythmias
calcium channel blockers
206
drug family that increase the force of contraction of the heart; treats heart failure and atrial fibrillation
cardiac clycosides
207
drug family that bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake from the GI tract
cholesterol binding drugs
208
drug family that control hypercholesterolemia
cholesterol lowering drugs (statins)
209
drug family that reduces volume of blood in the body by promoting the kidney to remove water and salt through urine
diuretics
210
drug family that interfere with the production of androgens or with their binding in tissues
antiandrogens
211
drug family that reduce amount of estrogen in the blood; effective against cancer
aromatase inhibitors
212
drug family that have estrogen like effects on bone and lipid metabolism
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
213
drug family that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach to relieve symptoms of peptic ulcer, esophagitis and reflux
antacids
214
drug family that blocks secretion of acid by cells in the lining of the stomach
antiulcer
215
drug family that treat autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's
anti-tnf tumor necrosis factor
216
drug family that open bronchial tubes and are administered by injection or aerosol inhalers
bronchodilators
217
drug family that are inhaled or given IV and orally to reduce chronic inflammation in respiratory passageways
steroid drugs
218
drug family that prevent asthma attacks by blocking leukotriene from binding to receptors in respiratory tissues
leukotriene modifiers
219
drug family that depress the CNS ad promote drowsiness and sleep
sedative-hypnotics
220
2 major categories of sedative hypnotics
1. barbitruates2. benzodiazepines
221
drug family that act on the brain to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse
stimulants
222
drug family that control anxiety
tranquilizers
223
hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation
glucocorticoid
224
aer/o
air
225
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
226
bronch/o
bronchial tube
227
chem/o
drug
228
cras/o
mixture
229
cutane/o
skin
230
derm/o
skin
231
erg/o
work
232
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
233
hist/o
tissue
234
hypn/o
sleep
235
iatr/o
treatment
236
lingu/o
tongue
237
myc/o
mold, fungus
238
narc/o
stupor
239
or/o
mouth
240
pharmac/o
drug
241
prurit/o
itching
242
pyret/o
fever
243
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
244
tox/o
poison
245
toxic/o
poison
246
vas/o
vessel
247
ven/o
vein
248
vit/o
life
249
ana-
upward, excessive, again
250
anti-
against
251
contra-
againts, opposite
252
par-
other than, apart from
253
syn-
together, with
254
ac
before meals (ante cibum)
255
bid
2 times a day
256
h
hour
257
hs
at bedtime
258
IM
intramuscular
259
IV
intravenous
260
npo
nothing by mouth (nil per os)
261
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
262
pc
after meals (post cibum)
263
PCA
patient controlled analgesia
264
prn
as needed; as necessary
265
q
every
266
qh
every hour
267
q2h
every 2 hours
268
qid
4 times a day
269
Rx
prescription
270
tid
3 times daily
271
high cholesterol drugs
atorvastatin (Lipitor)
272
hypothyroidism drugs
levothyroxine (Synthroid)
273
coronary artery disease drugs
clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix)
274
a. bacterial infections drugs
cephalexin (Keflex)
275
b. bacterial infections drugs
levofloxacin (Levaquin)
276
c. bacterial infections drugs
tetracycline
277
epilepsy drugs
phenytoin sodium (Dilantin)
278
depression drugs
fluoxetine (Prozac)
279
alzheimer drugs
donepezil (Aricept)
280
hay fever drugs
loratadine (Claritin)
281
osteoporosis drugs
alendronate (Fosamax)
282
prostate cancer drugs
flutamide (Eulexin)
283
fungal infection drugs
terbinafine (Lamisil)
284
thrombosis drugs
warfarin (Coumadin)
285
GERD drugs
ranitidine (Zantac)
286
diarrhea drugs
loperamide (Imodium)
287
Crohn's drugs
adalimumab (Humira)
288
asthma drugs
albuterol (Ventolin)
289
prostate cancer drugs
flutamide (Eulexin)
290
breast cancer drugs
tamoxifin (Nolvadex)
291
allergic drugs
prednisone (Deltasone)
292
insomia drugs
zolpiderm tartrate (Ambien)
293
ADD drugs
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
294
1. anxiety drugs
lorazepam (Ativan)
295
2. anxiety drugs
diazepam (Valium)
296
new drug synthesis
medicinal chemistry
297
drug effects on the body
pharmacodynamics
298
drug's absorption, distribution metabolism, and excretion over time
pharmacokinetics
299
interaction of drugs and components inside the cell or on the cell surface
molecular pharmacology
300
use of drugs in treatment of cancer and infectious disease
chemotherapy
301
studies of harmful effects of drugs on the body
toxicology
302
administration of drugs by mouth
oral administration
303
administration of drugs placed under the tongue that dissolve in saliva
sublingual
304
administration of drugs inserted into the rectum
rectal
305
administration of drugs where there is an injection of drug from a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin, into a muscle, vein or body cavity
parenteral administration
306
parenteral administration injection is made into a body cavity such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity
intercavitary instillation
307
parenteral administration occurs in the space under the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain
intrathecal instillation
308
administration of drugs taken into the nose or moth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of air sacs in the lungs
inhalation
309
administration of drugs where particles of drugs suspended in air are administered by inhalation
aerosols
310
administration of drugs applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
topical application
311
2 topical drugs commonly used as ointments, creams and lotions
1. antiseptics2. antipruritics
312
patches used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin
transdermal patches
313
3 oral vehicles for administration
1. caplets2. capsules3. tablets
314
1 sublingual vehicle for administration
tablets
315
1 rectal vehicle for administration
suppositories
316
2 parenteral vehicles for administration
1. injections2. instillations
317
7 types of injections and instillations
1. intracavitary2. intradermal3. intramuscular4. intrathecal5. intravenous6. pumps7. subcutaneous
318
1 vehicle for inhalation administration
aerosols
319
4 vehicles for topical administration
1. lotions2. creams3. ointments4. transdermal patches
320
drug family that lessens pain
analgesics
321
drug family that reduces or eliminates sensation
anesthetic
322
drug family: chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi or parasites
antiobiotics and antivirals
323
microorganism that inhibits bacteria, fungi, or parasites
bacteriostatic
324
microorganism that kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites
bactericidal
325
drug family that treats fungal infections
antifungal
326
drug family that prevents clotting or coagulation of blood
anticoagulants and antiplatelet
327
drug family that prevents or reduces frequency of convulsions in various types of seizure disorders or epilepsy
anticonvulsants
328
drug family that treat symptoms of depressions; also mild sedatives
antidepressants
329
drug family that treats symptoms of Alzheimer disease by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding brain cells from glutamate
anti-Alzheimer drugs
330
drug family used to treat diabetes mellitus
antidiabetics
331
drug family that blocks the action of histamine, which is normally released in the body in allergic reactions
antihistamines
332
drug family that prevent nausea; used to prevent motion sickness
antiemetic
333
drug family that act on the heart or the blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, MI, CHF and arrhythmias
cardiovascular drugs
334
drug family that dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improving the performance of the heart, and reduce workload
angiotensin-convering enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
335
drug family that lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
336
drug family that reverse abnormal heart rhythms
antiarrhythmics
337
drug family that decrease muscular tone in blood vessels, slow heart rate, decrease heart output, reduce blood pressure by blocking the action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart/blood vessels
beta blockers
338
drug family that dilates blood vessels and lower blood pressure and treat angina and arrhythmias
calcium channel blockers
339
drug family that increase the force of contraction of the heart; treats heart failure and atrial fibrillation
cardiac clycosides
340
drug family that bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake from the GI tract
cholesterol binding drugs
341
drug family that control hypercholesterolemia
cholesterol lowering drugs (statins)
342
drug family that reduces volume of blood in the body by promoting the kidney to remove water and salt through urine
diuretics
343
drug family that interfere with the production of androgens or with their binding in tissues
antiandrogens
344
drug family that reduce amount of estrogen in the blood; effective against cancer
aromatase inhibitors
345
drug family that have estrogen like effects on bone and lipid metabolism
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
346
drug family that neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach to relieve symptoms of peptic ulcer, esophagitis and reflux
antacids
347
drug family that blocks secretion of acid by cells in the lining of the stomach
antiulcer
348
drug family that treat autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's
anti-tnf tumor necrosis factor
349
drug family that open bronchial tubes and are administered by injection or aerosol inhalers
bronchodilators
350
drug family that are inhaled or given IV and orally to reduce chronic inflammation in respiratory passageways
steroid drugs
351
drug family that prevent asthma attacks by blocking leukotriene from binding to receptors in respiratory tissues
leukotriene modifiers
352
drug family that depress the CNS ad promote drowsiness and sleep
sedative-hypnotics
353
2 major categories of sedative hypnotics
1. barbitruates2. benzodiazepines
354
drug family that act on the brain to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse
stimulants
355
drug family that control anxiety
tranquilizers
356
hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation
glucocorticoid
357
aer/o
air
358
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
359
bronch/o
bronchial tube
360
chem/o
drug
361
cras/o
mixture
362
cutane/o
skin
363
derm/o
skin
364
erg/o
work
365
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
366
hist/o
tissue
367
hypn/o
sleep
368
iatr/o
treatment
369
lingu/o
tongue
370
myc/o
mold, fungus
371
narc/o
stupor
372
or/o
mouth
373
pharmac/o
drug
374
prurit/o
itching
375
pyret/o
fever
376
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
377
tox/o
poison
378
toxic/o
poison
379
vas/o
vessel
380
ven/o
vein
381
vit/o
life
382
ana-
upward, excessive, again
383
anti-
against
384
contra-
againts, opposite
385
par-
other than, apart from
386
syn-
together, with
387
ac
before meals (ante cibum)
388
bid
2 times a day
389
h
hour
390
hs
at bedtime
391
IM
intramuscular
392
IV
intravenous
393
npo
nothing by mouth (nil per os)
394
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
395
pc
after meals (post cibum)
396
PCA
patient controlled analgesia
397
prn
as needed; as necessary
398
q
every
399
qh
every hour
400
q2h
every 2 hours
401
qid
4 times a day
402
Rx
prescription
403
tid
3 times daily
404
high cholesterol drugs
atorvastatin (Lipitor)
405
hypothyroidism drugs
levothyroxine (Synthroid)
406
coronary artery disease drugs
clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix)
407
a. bacterial infections drugs
cephalexin (Keflex)
408
b. bacterial infections drugs
levofloxacin (Levaquin)
409
c. bacterial infections drugs
tetracycline
410
epilepsy drugs
phenytoin sodium (Dilantin)
411
depression drugs
fluoxetine (Prozac)
412
alzheimer drugs
donepezil (Aricept)
413
hay fever drugs
loratadine (Claritin)
414
osteoporosis drugs
alendronate (Fosamax)
415
prostate cancer drugs
flutamide (Eulexin)
416
fungal infection drugs
terbinafine (Lamisil)
417
thrombosis drugs
warfarin (Coumadin)
418
GERD drugs
ranitidine (Zantac)
419
diarrhea drugs
loperamide (Imodium)
420
Crohn's drugs
adalimumab (Humira)
421
asthma drugs
albuterol (Ventolin)
422
prostate cancer drugs
flutamide (Eulexin)
423
breast cancer drugs
tamoxifin (Nolvadex)
424
allergic drugs
prednisone (Deltasone)
425
insomia drugs
zolpiderm tartrate (Ambien)
426
ADD drugs
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
427
1. anxiety drugs
lorazepam (Ativan)
428
2. anxiety drugs
diazepam (Valium)
