Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(406 cards)
1
Q
amni/o
A
amnion
2
Q
bartholin/o
A
bartholin gland
3
Q
cervic/o
A
cervix, neck
4
Q
chori/o, chorion/o
A
chorion
5
Q
colp/o
A
vagina
6
Q
culd/o
A
cul-de-sac
7
Q
episi/o
A
vulva
8
Q
galact/o
A
milk
9
Q
gynec/o
A
woman, female
10
Q
hyster/o
A
uterus, womb
11
Q
lact/o
A
milk
12
Q
mamm/o
A
breast
13
Q
mast/o
A
breast
14
Q
men/o
A
menses, menstruation
15
Q
metr/o, metri/o
A
uterus
16
Q
my/o, myom/o
A
muscle, muscle tumor
17
Q
nat/i
A
birth
18
Q
obstetr/o
A
pregnancy and childbirth
19
Q
o/o, ov/o, ovul/o
A
egg
20
Q
oophor/o, ovari/o,
A
ovary
21
Q
perine/o
A
perineum
22
Q
phor/o
A
to bear
23
Q
salping/o
A
fallopian tubes
24
Q
uter/o
A
uterus
25
vagin/o
vagina
26
vulv/o
vulva
27
-arche
beginning
28
-cyesis
pregnancy
29
-gravida
pregnant
30
-parous
bearing, bringing forth
31
-rrhea
discharge
32
-salpinx
fallopian (uterine) tube
33
-tocia
labor, birth
34
-version
act of turning
35
dys-
painful
36
endo-
within
37
in-
in
38
intra-
within
39
multi-
many
40
nulli-
no, not, none
41
pre-
before
42
primi-
first
43
retro-
backward
44
Microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix
Pap test (Pap smear)
45
Blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG
pregnancy test
46
X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
47
X-ray imaging of the breast
mammography
48
Technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue
breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI
49
Recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region
pelvic ultrasonography
50
Withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction
aspiration
51
Destruction of tisse by burning
cauterization
52
LEEP
loop electrocautery excision procedure
53
Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope
colposcopy
54
Removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix
conization
55
Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue
cryosurgery or cryocauterization
56
Needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac
culdocentesis
57
Widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus
dilation (dilatation) and curettage
58
Removal of internal organs within a cavity
exenteration
59
Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope
laparoscopy
60
Blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring
tubal ligation
61
Needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis
amniocentesis
62
Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own
abortion (AB)
63
Surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus
cesarean section
64
Sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
65
Continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to assess fetal status and the progress of labor
fetal monitoring
66
Egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization
in vitro fertilization
67
Direct injection of sperm into harvested ova
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
68
Measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis
pelvimetry
69
TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
70
T or F. Ova develop during fetal life.
True
71
Menstrual cycle is typically __ days.
28
72
T or F. The vagina is muscular.
True
73
What are 4 main female reproductive structures?
1. Ovaries2. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes3. Uterus4. Vagina
74
What are the 2 hormones secreted by the ovaries?
1. Estrogen2. Progesterone
75
What is the purpose of the uterus?
Fertilization of egg and nourishment of fetus
76
What are other female reproductive structures?
1. vulva (external genitalia)2. perineum3. mammary glands (breasts)
77
episiotomy
incision of the perineum
78
gyn/o, gynec/o
woman
79
men/o, mens
month, menstruation
80
oo
ovum, egg cell
81
ov/o, ovul/o
ovum, egg cell
82
ovari/o
ovary
83
oophor/o
ovary
84
salping/o
oviduct, tube
85
uter/o
uterus
86
metr/o, metr/i
uterus
87
hyster/o
uterus
88
BSO
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
89
cervic/o
cervix
90
vagin/o
vagina
91
colp/o
vagina
92
vulv/o
vulva
93
episi/o
vulva
94
perine/o
perineum
95
clitor/o, clitorid/o
clitoris
96
mamm/o
breast
97
mast/o
breast
98
amnio
amnion, amniotic sac
99
embry/o
embryo
100
fet/o
fetus
101
toc/o
labor
102
nat/i
birth
103
lact/o
milk
104
galact/o
milk
105
gravida
pregnant woman
106
para
woman who has given birth (500 g or more or over 20 weeks gestation) regardless of whether infant is alive at birth or whether the birth is single or multiple
107
bradytocia
condition of slow labor
108
The menstrual cycle has __ stages, usually lasting __ days.
3 stages, 28 days
109
How many days does the menstrual phase last?
5 days
110
What happens in the menstrual phase?
Endometrial lining is shed
111
How many days does the proliferative phase?
10 days
112
The ______ causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop
The follicle-stimulating hormone causes several ova (about 20) and their surrounding follicles to start developing; only one continues to develop
113
The follicle starts secreting estrogens which leads to the ____ of the endometrium
thickening
114
In the proliferative phase, the luteinizing hormone increases and induces ______.
ovulation
115
During the proliferative phase, the cervical mucus becomes ____ which allows sperm through.
thin
116
Ovulation occurs between the ____ and ____ phases.
proliferative and secretory phases
117
During the secretory phase, the ______ ruptures, the _____ is released and starts traveling to the uterus via _____.
mature follicle, ovum, fallopian tube
118
During the secretory phase, the luteinizing hormone causes the ruptured follicle to change into the _____.
corpus luteum
119
The corpus luteum secretes ____ and ____.
estrogen and progesterone
120
T or F. The corpus luteum is maintained only if fertilization occurs.
True.
121
DJB
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
122
Breast cancer metastasizes easily through the ____ system.
Lymph system
123
What are the 3 types of mastectomy?
radical, modified radical, segmental (lumpectomy)
124
Mastectomy during which the breast, muscles and axillary lymph nodes are removed.
Radical
125
Mastectomy during which the breast and axillary lymph nodes are removed.
Modified radical
126
Mastectomy during which just the tumor is removed
Segmental (lumpectomy)
127
What type of biopsy is done to access the spread of breast cancer>
sentinal node biopsy
128
Fertilization normally occurs in the _______.
fallopian tubes
129
A _____ is formed from an egg and sperm.
zygote
130
Where does the zygote implant?
endometrium
131
The zygote becomes an ___ and after two months becomes a _____.
embryo, fetus
132
Placenta is formed from the ___ and the ____.
chorion, endometrium
133
The outermost layer of the embryo
chorion
134
What is the purpose of the placenta?
nourishment of the fetus
135
The __ links the fetus to the placenta.
umbilical cord
136
T or F. Childbirth is also called parturition.
True.
137
What are the 3 stages of childbirth?
1. onset of contractions and cervical dilation2. expulsion of fetus3. delivery of placenta
138
The simple assessment to determine the general health of a baby after childbirth.
Apgar scores
139
A woman who has been pregnant; Indicates the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether these pregnancies were carried to term.
gravida
140
A woman who has given birth to one or more infants.
para
141
Para can be divided into what 4 sections?
term deliveries, preterm, abortions and living children (TPAL)
142
What are the five factors assessed for Apgar scores?
1. appearance2. pulse3. grimace response4. activity5. respiration
143
T or F. Ovaries are held by ligaments in the pelvic cavity on either side of the uterus
T
144
The eggs, or female gametes, develop within the _____
ovaries
145
The cluster of cells within which ova ripen
graafian follicle
146
T or F. At the time of ovulation, all ova is released from the ovary.
False. At the time of ovulation, usually only one ovum is released from the ovary and the remainder of the ripeningova degenerate.
147
The follicle remains behind and continues to function for ___ if there is no fertilization of the ovum and __ if the ovum is fertilized
2 weeks, 2 months
148
After ovulaton, the ovum travels into an ___
oviduct, also called the uterine or fallopian tube
149
One of the two tubes attached to the upper lateral portions of the uterus
oviduct
150
These tubes arch above the ovaries and have ___ that sweep the released ovum into the oviduct
fimbriae
151
Finger-like projections
fimbriae
152
Fertilization usually occurs in the _____
oviduct
153
The organ that nourishes the developing offspring
uterus
154
What makes up the uterus?
1. upper rounded fundus2. triangular cavity3. lower narrow cervix that projects into the vaginaFUN TRI CAV CERV
155
What shape is the uterus?
pear-shaped
156
The innermost layer ofthe uterine wall that receives the fertilized ovum and becomes part of the placenta during pregnancy
endometrium
157
T or F. The endometrium is rich in blood sipply
True
158
Shed during the menstrual period if no fertilization occurs
endometrium
159
The muscle layer of the uterine wall
myometrium
160
Muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse, functions as a birth canal, andtransports the menstrual flow out of the body
vagina
161
All of the external female genital organs including the labia majora and labia minora
vulva
162
The large outer labia; the two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva
labia majora
163
The small inner labia; the two small folds of skin within the labia majora
labia minora
164
Enclose the openings of the vagina and the urethra
labia
165
Anterior to the urethral opening; similar in origin to the penis and responds to sexual stimulation
clitoris
166
The region between the thighs from the external genital organs to the anus
perineum
167
Incision made during childbirth between the vagina and the anus to facilitate birth and prevent the tearing of tissue
episiotomy
168
Should technically be a perineotomy in terms of medical terminology, but is an exception to the rule
episiotomy; episi/o is the root for vulva
169
Composed mainly of glandular tissue and fat amd provide nourishment for the newborn
mammary glands or breasts
170
Milk secreted by the glands is carried in ducts to the ____
nipple
171
The first menstrual period
menarche
172
Reproductive activity in the female normally begins during puberty with this event
menarche
173
The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the _____ gland
anterior pituitary gland
174
____ hormone begins the cycle
FSH
175
The FSH begins the menstrual cycle by causing the ___ to ripen in the graafian follicle
ovum
176
The follicle secretes ___, a hormone that starts development of the endometrium in preparation for the fertilized egg
estrogen
177
This hormone then triggers ovulation and conversion of the follicle to the corpus luteum
LH
178
Structure left behind in the ovary that secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
179
Progesterone and estrogen further the ___ of the endometrium
growth
180
What happens if no fertilization occurs?
1. hormone levels decline2. endometrium sloughs off in the menstruation process
181
Steps in the menstrual cycle
FSH: ovum ripes in graafian follicle > graafian follicle secretes estrogen > endometrium starts developing > LH: ovulation > graafian follicle becomes the corpus luteum > corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen > endometrium continues growing > no fertilzation > hormone levels decline > endometrium sheds > menstuation
182
First day of menstruation is considered day _ while ovulation occurring on about day _
day 1 and day 14
183
Throughout the menstrual cycle, ___ and ___ feed back to the pituitary to regulate the production of FSH and LH
estrogen and progesterone
184
Birth control act by supplying estrogen and progesterone. This inhibits the ___ and prevents ___.
pituitary, ovulation
185
T or F. Birth control interferes with menstruation.
False
186
Cessation of monthly menstrual cycles
menopause
187
When does menopause generally occur?
between the ages of 45 and 55 years
188
Levels of reprroductive hormones decline, and egg cells in the ovaries gradually degenerate
menopause
189
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
190
The use of artificial methods to prevent fertilization of the ovum or its implantation in theuterus
contraception
191
List the different methods of contraception
1. block sperm penetration of the uterus - condoms2. prevent implantation - IUDs3. prevent ovulation - birth control pill
192
Surgical sterilization for females
tubal ligation
193
When an ovulated egg cell is penetrated by a sperm cell
fertilization
194
The nuclei of the sperm and egg cells fuse, restoring the ___ number and forming a ___
chromosome, zygote
195
Steps in fertilization
egg cell penetrated by sperm cell > fertilization > nuclei fuse > chromosome number restored > zygote formed > travels through oviduct > divides rapidly > 6 to 7 days > fertilized egg reaches uterus > implants into the endometrium > embryo develops
196
All of the major body systems are established within the first __ weeks of growth.
8
197
Embryonic tissue produces ____, a hormone that keeps the corpus luteum functional in the ovary to maintain the endometrium
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
198
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
199
T or F. The presence of HCG in urine is the basis for the most commonly used pregnancy tests
T
200
After 2 months, ____ hormones take over endometrium maintenance and the corpus luteum degenerates
placental hormones
201
When the corpus luteum degenerates, the embryo becomes a ____
fetus
202
During development, the fetus is nourished by the ____
placenta
203
An organ formed from the chorion and the endometrium
placenta
204
The outermost layer of the embryo
chorion
205
Exchanges take place between the bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus through ___
fetal capillaries
206
Contains the blood vessels that link the fetus to the placenta
umbilical cord
207
Fetal blood is carried tothe placenta in two _____o
umbilical arteries
208
While traveling through the placenta, the blood picks up ___ and ___ and gives up ___ and ___
nutrients and oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
209
Restored blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus in a single _____
umbilical vein
210
T or F. The bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus don't mix
True
211
Fetal proteins an enter the mother's blood and cause ____
immunologic reactions
212
The period of development
gestation
213
The fetus is cushioned and protected by fluid contained in the amniotic sac
gestation
214
The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; sac rupturs at birth
amniotic sac (amnion)
215
T or F. Lungs aren't needed to oxygenate the blood in a fetus
T
216
A small hole in the septum between the atria
foramen ovale
217
Steps in fetal circulation
blood from placenta enters right atrium > foramen ovale allows blood to go into left atrium > bypasses the pulmonary artery > blood pumped out of the right ventricle > directly into the aorta through ductus arteriosus
218
Short vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta
ductus arteriosus
219
The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus ___ at birth when the pulmonary circuit is established
close
220
Failure to close hampers the work of the heart and requires ___
medical attention
221
What is the length of pregnancy from fertilization of the ovum to birth?
38 weeks or 266 days
222
LMP
last menstrual period
223
In practice, pregnancy is calculated as __ days or __ weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period
280 days or 40 weeks
224
Pregnancy is divided into 3-month periods called _____ during which defined changes can be observed in the fetus
trimesters
225
Childbirth is also known as _____
parturition
226
The hormone ____ from the posterior pituitary gland and ___ are involved in starting labor
oxytocin and prostaglandins
227
The secretion of milk from the breasts
lactation
228
What hormones start lactation?
prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland and hormones from the placenta
229
The release of milk is stimulated by ____
suckling
230
For the first few days after delivery, only ____ is produced, which has a slightly different compositionthan milk, but like the milk, it has protective antibodies
colostrum
231
The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen
corpus luteum
232
A group of hormones that produces female characteristics and preparesthe uterus for the fertilized egg.
estrogen
233
What is the most active of estrogens?
estradiol
234
In the female, it stimulates ripening of the eggs in the ovary
FSH
235
A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
LH
236
The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus
menstruation
237
The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon
fertilization
238
A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It alsostimulates release (“letdown”) of milk from the breasts.
oxytocin
239
A group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation ofuterine contractions
prostaglandins
240
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
241
Menstrual abnormalities collectively
DUB
242
PIH
pregancy induced hypertension, also known as pre-eclampsia or toxemia
243
Development of a fertilized egg outside of its normal position in the uterine cavity
ectopic pregnancy
244
loss of an embryo or fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy or before a weight of 500 g
abortion
245
Most common cause of spontaneous abortions
fetal abnormalities
246
D&E
dilatation and evacuation
247
Common method for inducing an abortion in which the cervix is dilated and the fetal tissue is removed by suction
D&E
248
The placenta attaches near or over the cervix instead of in the upper portion of the uterus
placenta previa
249
Premature separation of the placenta from its point of attachment
placental abruption
250
What are the two categories of congenital disorders?
1. development disorders 2. hereditary disorders
251
Disorders that occur during growth of the fetus
developmental
252
Disorders that can be passed from parents to children through the germ cells
hereditary
253
an individual who has a genetic defect that does not appear but that canbe passed to offspring
carrier
254
factors that cause malformation of the developing fetus such as herpes simplex, alcohol, drugs, chemicals, etc
teratogens
255
The fetusis most susceptible to teratogenic effects during the first __ months of pregnancy
3
256
both the spinal cord and membranes herniate through the defect
myelomeningocele
257
congenital absence of a brain
anencephaly
258
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening
atresia
259
Convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension
eclampsia
260
Procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette
D&C dilation and curettage
261
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
262
Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri—the ovaries, oviducts, anduterine ligaments
adnexa
263
A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus;the rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas
cul de sac
264
An archlike space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix
fornix
265
A small mucus-secreting gland on the side of the vestibule near the vaginal opening; also called Bartholin gland
greater vestibular gland
266
The rounded, fleshy elevation in front of the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty
mons pubis
267
An immature ovum
oocyte
268
The period immediately before and after menopause
perimenopause
269
The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of theurethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands
vestibule
270
The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child
afterbirth
271
A membrane-covered space between cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot.
fontanel
272
The first feces of the newborn
meconium
273
Occurring before the 37th week of gestation; describing an infantborn before the 37th week of gestation
preterm
274
The period of 42 days after childbirth, during which the mother’sreproductive organs usually return to normal
puerperium
275
The cheeselike deposit that covers and protects the fetus
vernix caseosa
276
Benign tumor of smooth muscle. In the uterus, may cause bleedingand pressure on the bladder or rectum.
leiomyoma
277
A deficiency of amniotic fluid
oligohydramnios
278
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
279
The first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor. Biopsy of these nodes is used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment.
sentinel nodese
280
A fetal protein that may be at an elevated level in amniotic fluid andmaternal serum in cases of certain fetal disorders
alpha feto-protein (AFP)
281
Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis
culdocentesis
282
IVF
in vitro fertilization
283
Term describing the part of the fetus that can be felt by vaginal or rectal examination.
presentation
284
In ___ presentation, head presents first. In ___ presentation, the buttocks present first.
Vertex, breech
285
CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
286
BSO
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
287
TAH
Total abdominal hysterectomy
288
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
289
AGA
Appropriate for gestational age
290
AI
artificial insemination
291
ECMO
Extracorporeal membraneoxygenation
292
FHR
fetal heart rate
293
FTND
full term normal delivery
294
FTP
full term pregnancy
295
LMP
last menstrual period
296
NB
newborn
297
SVD
spontaneous vaginal delivery
298
UC
uterine contractions
299
UTP
uterine term pregnancy
300
VBAC
vaginal birth after cesarean section
301
female infertility can occur due to ____ or other infection of the reproductive organs
STI
302
female infertility can also occur due to ___ or failure to ovulate
ovulatory dysfunction
303
female infertility can also occur due to blocked ____
fallopian tubes
304
female infertility can also occur due to congenital ____ or ___ disorders
structural or chromosomal
305
female infertility can also occur due to ____ from infection, ectopic pregnancy or surgery
scar tissue
306
disorder that can cause female infertility
endometriosis
307
female infertility can also occur due to ____ in vaginal secretions
antisperm antibodies
308
female infertility can also occur due to ___ distress
psychological
309
treatment for female infertility: ____ of menstrual cycle to establish ovulatory function
charting
310
diagnostic procedure for female infertility: blood tests to assess ____ levels
hormone
311
3 surgical procedures for female infertility
1. hysterosalpingography2. laparoscopy3. surgery to remove blockages
312
family of drugs to treat female infertility
fertility drugs
313
2 other treatments for female infertility
1. IUI2. IVF
314
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is caused by fluctuating levels of ___ and ____ and their resultant impact on ____
estrogen; progesterone; neurotransmitter
315
in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), oral contraceptives may provide some relief if they have ___ and ___
estrogen; drospirenone
316
diagnosis when PMS becomes severe and fits certain psychological criteria
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
317
amenorrhea where there is no menses by the age of 16
primary amenorrhea
318
3 causes of primary amenorrhea
1. late onset of puberty2. abnormality of the reproductive systems3. hormonal imbalances
319
amenorrhea where there is no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles
secondary amenorrhea
320
secondary amenorrhea is mainly ____ related, but must rule out other causes
hormone
321
amenorrhea with failure to resume menses within 3 months of discontinuation of OCPs
"postpill" amenorrhea
322
2 types of dysmenorrhea
1. primary2. secondary
323
onset of dysmenorrhea with the initiation of menses
primary dysmenorrhea
324
primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be due to the underlying ____ of the uterus and how it reacts to ____ produced in the menstrual cycle
muscular structure; chemicals
325
dysmenorrhea that occurs after years of normal, non-painful menses
secondary dysmenorrhea
326
2 causes of secondary dysmenorrhea
1. underlying disorder2. disease condition
327
3 disease conditions that may cause secondary dysmenorrhea
1. fibroids2. PID3. endometriosis
328
2 main types of ovarian cysts
1. physiologic cysts2. neoplastic cysts
329
2 causes of physiologic cysts
1. ovarian follicle growth2. more common: corpus luteum that persists too long
330
ovarian cysts that are benign or malignant neoplasms
neoplastic cysts
331
2 surgical treatment options for ovarian cysts
1. laparoscopic drainage or removal2. more extensive surgery for malignant cysts
332
extrauterine endometrial tissue; most commonly in the pelvis
endometriosis
333
the most likely cause of endometriosis
retrograde menstruation
334
initial infection in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually a ____ and then becomes multibacterial
STI
335
can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if early treatment is not done
adhesion formation
336
2 end results in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if adhesions form in and around the fallopian tubes
1. infertility2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
337
are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) malignant or benign
benign
338
t or f. the cause of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) is unknown
t
339
treatment options for uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)
1. myomectomy (surgical removal of the tumor)2. uterine artery embolization (UAE)3. endometrial ablation4 hysterectomy
340
2 infectious causes of TSS
1. staphylococcus aureus2. streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
341
in toxic shock syndrome (TSS), toxins produced by the bacteria actually causing the disease
streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
342
toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can occur due to an increase in ____ on ____ tampons
staphylococcal colonization; super absorbent
343
medication given to treat toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
IV vancomycin
344
average age of menopause occurrence
50-51
345
menopause is considered premature when occurring before ___ years of age
40
346
condition where women who are still menstruating but have the symptoms of menopause
perimenopause
347
menopause following ovary removal, or that caused by chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment for certain cancers
surgical menopause
348
hormone treatment for menopause symptoms are considered controversial because it raises the risk of developing ____
certain cancers
349
hormone treatment may be considered for ____ use during the period when ____ are the worst
short-term; symptoms
350
most common cause of vaginitis is ____
fungal infection
351
protozoa that can cause vaginitis
trichomonas
352
atrophic vaginitis occurs due to absence of ____ in postmenopausal women
estrogen
353
uterus is completely outside of the vagina
complete procidentia
354
uterine prolapse occurs due to the ___ becoming extremely overstretched or weakened from trauma due to childbirth, aging, or genetic factors
normal support of the uterus
355
the use of this therapeutic device that may help with symptoms of uterine prolapse
pessary
356
the only way to permanently correct uterine prolapse
hysterectomy
357
surgical treatment for young women with uterine prolapse hoping to preserve fertility
hysteropexy
358
displacement and protrusion of the urinary bladder into the *anterior wall*
cystocele
359
protrusion of the rectum into the *posterior wall* of the vagina
rectocele
360
2 main symptoms of cervical cancer
1. vaginal discharge2. bleeding
361
vaginal discharge present in cervical cancer can be these 3 things
1. watery2. bloody3. purulent
362
bleeding present in cervical cancer can occur during these 3 periods
1. between periods2. after intercourse3. after menopause
363
most common sign of cervical cancer
abnormal Pap smear result
364
most significant risk factor for cervical cancer
oncogenic types of HPV
365
premalignant lesions to cervical cancer
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
366
4 treatment options for cervical cancer
1. LEEP2. laser therapy3. cryoabolation4. radical hysterectomy and chemotherapy
367
4 risk factors for ovarian cancer
1. patient Hx of breast cancer2. family Hx of breast and ovarian cancers3. BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 mutations4. HNPCC
368
4 risk factors for endometrial cancer
1. age: postmenopausal women2. HNPCC3. type 2 diabetes (could be a direct cause)4. HTN
369
there is one type of endometrial cancer that is related to cumulative exposure to ____
excess estrogen
370
fibrocystic breast condition is also known as ____
fibrocystic breast disease
371
fibrocystic breast condition generally occurs between these ages
30-50 years old
372
fibrocystic breast condition occurs due to ___
unknown
373
mastitis that is often caused by strep or staphy infection that is almost always associated with breasfeeding
acute puerperal mastitis
374
is fibroadenoma of the breast benign or malignant?
benign tumor of the breast
375
cause of fibroadenoma of the breast is unknown, but tomors are ____, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy
hormonally responsive
376
area of the breast where cancer usually arises
terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)
377
the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) is the ____ unit of breast tissue
functional
378
5 physical signs and symptoms of breast cancer
1. lump2. swelling3. tenderness of the breast4. irritation or dimpling of the skin (peau d'orange)5. pain, ulceration, or retraction of the nipple
379
2 greatest risk factors for breast cancer
1. increased age2. female gender
380
3 other risk factors for breast cancer
1. hormonal2. reproductive3. genetic factors
381
the precursor lesion to breast cancer
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
382
3 specific characteristics of breast cancer to inform prognosis and treatment needs
1. estrogen receptor positive/negative2. progesterone receptor positive/negative3. HER2 positive/negative
383
6 treatment options for breast cancer
1. lumpectomy2. mastectomy (partial, total or radical)3. removal of some axillary lymph nodes4. hormone therapy depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status5. herceptin for HER2 positive tumors6. chemotherapy
384
disease of the breast that is a malignant lesion in the nipple of the breast
paget's disease
385
constellation of physical and emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
386
absence of menstrual periods, whether temporary or permanent
amenorrhea
387
common gynecologic disorder; pain and cramping associated with menstruation affecting about 50% of post-pubertal women
dysmenorrhea
388
fluid filled, semisolid or solid masses that originate on or within the ovary
ovarian cysts
389
chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue
endometriosis
390
infection of a woman's pelvis
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
391
3 areas involved in PID
1, tubes2. ovaries3. surrounding tissue
392
noncancerous tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus
uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)
393
inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues
vaginitis
394
acute, systemic infection
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
395
cessation of menstrual periods for 1 year with evidence of ovarian failure
menopause (climacteric)
396
downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis
uterine prolapse
397
most cervical cancers are ___ that arise in the transitional zone between the different epithelial types of the uterus corpus and vagina
squamous cell carcinomas
398
primary ovarian tumors usually derive from epithelial cells
ovarian cancer
399
involves lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation
endometrial cancer
400
common, benign breast disorder related to normal hormonal variation
fibrocystic breast condition/disease
401
inflammation of one or more mammary glands of the breast
mastitis
402
in fibroadenoma, there is a mass in the breast with these 4 criteria
1. firm2. round3. encapsulated4. movable
403
usually arises from the TDLU which is very hormonally responsive
cancer of breast
404
earliest sign of breast cancer
abnormality on a mammogram
405
breast cancer in advanced stages: nodule becomes ___ and ___ develop
fixed to the chest wall; axillary masses and ulceration
406
characteristic breast lesion that signifies presence of malignant adenocarcinoma cells
paget's disease of the breast
