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ATTH 5100 > Drugs For Treating Infection > Flashcards

Drugs For Treating Infection Flashcards

1
Q

4 main types of microorganisms:

A
  • bacterium
  • fungus
  • virus
  • parasite
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2
Q

What is bacteria?

A

Single called microorganisms with rigid outer cell wall in addition to the cell membrane

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3
Q

Bacteria is classified by:

A
  • gram straining (gram-positive or gram-negative)
  • oxygen requirements
  • morphology (shape)
  • encapsulation
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4
Q

Name 3 common strains of bacteria:

A
  • staphylococcus
  • streptococcus
  • bacillus
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5
Q

Name 3 general shapes of bacteria:

A
  • cocci
  • rods
  • spiral
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6
Q

What is fungi?

A

groups of organisms that include yeasts and mold

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7
Q

Fungi thrive in what environments?

A
  • moist, dark, warm
  • found in superficial keratinized tissues (nails, hair, skin)
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8
Q

What is the most common cause of fungi?

A

Dermatophytes

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9
Q

Why is the name ringworm misleading?

A

There is no worm in human ring worms. It’s called ringworm based on what it looks like. Annular (round) plaque.

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10
Q

What is the proper term for ringworm?

A

Tinea

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11
Q

Where can tinea be found?

A
  • capitals (on the head/scalp)
  • pedis (foot, aka athlete’s foot)
  • cruris (groin, aka jock itch)
  • unguium (finger or toe nails. Can have some cross over with tinea pedis)
  • corporis (of the body, otherwise not identified by terms above - mostly shoulders and back)
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12
Q

What is the proper term for yeast infections? Where is it typically found?

A
  • candidiasis
  • can be in tongue, throat, genitals etc.
  • most common in the mouth, associated with people who use corticosteroid inhalers (makes them susceptible to oral candidiasis, aka thrush)
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13
Q

Why is it debated whether viruses are a living agent?

A

Because it cannot live without a host cell

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14
Q

What is a virus?

A
  • ultramicroscopic organisms that require host cells
  • virus will reproduce, at the expense of the host cells
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15
Q

Give examples of viruses.

A
  • covid
  • mononucleosis
  • influenza
  • cold
  • measles
  • herpes
  • hepatitis
  • Ebola
  • polio
  • chicken pox
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16
Q

How can drugs stop viruses?

A

Most drugs interfere with the virus’ ability to replicate itself

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17
Q

If someone has a viral infection, an _______ will not help them.

A

Antibiotic

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18
Q

How are antimicrobial agents named?

A
  • “____cidal” vs “____ static”
  • ex. Germocidal and germostatic
  • ex. Fungicidal and fungistatic
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19
Q

Antimicrobial agents can have ________ vs ________ toxicity.

A
  • selective
  • non-selective
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20
Q

Why is it not always ideal for antimicrobial agents to kill the bacteria completely?

A

If the drug can dampen the effects and the immune system can fight the illness with help, it may be better for the immune system.

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21
Q

What is the main risk with using broad spectrum drugs?

A
  • may kill off good bacteria, causing health issues long term
  • selective is ideal so that it does not kill off other cells
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22
Q

Antimicrobial drugs aka…

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

4 types of antimicrobial drugs:

A
  • antibacterial
  • antifungals
  • antivirals
  • antiparasitics
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24
Q

What are antiseptics? Give examples.

A
  • substances that can be place on living tissue (organic surfaces) for killing microorganisms or inhibiting growth of such
  • ex. Iodine, chlorahexidine
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25
Q

Name some products that can function as both an antiseptic and a disinfectant.

A
  • alcohol (ethyl and isopropyl)
  • hydrogen peroxide
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26
Q

What are disinfectants? Give examples.

A
  • used to combat microorganisms but should be applied to non-living objects (non organic surfaces)
  • ex. Chlorine, phenyl, bromine, other chemicals
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27
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance?

A
  • Microorganism becomes less sensitive or loses its sensitivity to a previously sensitive antimicrobial
  • worst in anti-bacterials. Argument that we are overdoing it. Microbes become capable of overcoming these products
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28
Q

Why does antimicrobial resistance develop?

A

Develops due to change in genetic make-up of microorganism (spontaneous random mutation, ra safer of genetic material)

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29
Q

Mechanisms of action for antibacterial agents:

A
  • inhibition of cell wall synthesis (most common)
  • inhibition of protein synthesis (2nd most common)
  • alteration of cell membrane structure
  • inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
  • anti metabolic activity
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30
Q

Describe the difference between broad and narrow spectrum of activity.

A
  • broad spectrum: casts a wide net since it is unclear what the infection is while it is being established. Has a better chance of being successful.
  • narrow spectrum: very effective for a select few, not for others
31
Q

Routes of administration for antibacterial agents:

A
  • oral
  • intravenous (often when septic or severe)
32
Q

Issues with oral medication:

A
  • adherence
  • disrupting GI tract (diarrhea, stomach upset, vomiting)
  • light sensitivity
  • some have drug food interactions (esp with calcium)
  • heart arrhythmias
  • tendon pathologies
33
Q

Describe pharmacokinetics of antibacterial agents:

A
  • absorption affected by many factors
  • distribution via binding to serum proteins
  • metabolized in liver
34
Q

How does penicillin work?

A
  • beta lactam antibiotics (medications have beta lactam ring, which is how it attacks the cell wall)
  • inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis (bacteriocidal)
  • inactivated by beta lactamase (can become drug resistant)
  • primarily renally excreted
35
Q

Penicillin is more effective with what type of bacteria?

A

Actively growing bacteria (acute stages)

36
Q

How are penicillins named?

A
  • ….icillin
  • ex. Amoxicillin, methicillin
37
Q

Therapeutic uses for penicillins:

A

Used for a variety of types of infections:
- UTI
- respiratory tract infections
- endocarditis
- ear infections
- syphilis

38
Q

Which drug is often a first line drug if someone has suspected bacterial infection (unless allergic or has sensitivity)?

A

Penicillins

39
Q

Penicillins are generally more effective for gram _____ than gram _____ bacteria.

A
  • gram positive
  • gram negative
40
Q

Adverse effects of penicillins:

A

Allergic/hypersensitivity reactions:
- symptoms range from skin rash to anaphylaxis
- cross-allergy between penicillins
- prior penicillin exposure required for reaction

41
Q

Why do many people think they have an allergy to penicillins but it is not a true allergy?

A
  • most of the time it is a hypersensitivity
  • often first time exposed to penicillin causes minor immune response. Without getting proper allergy testing, it is hard to determine if it is a true allergy without a second exposure
42
Q

Cephalosporins are very similar in structure and action to _________.

A

Penicillin

43
Q

What are cephalosporins?

A
  • beta-lactam antibiotics
  • inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • bactericidal
  • inactivated by beta-lactamase
  • less drug resistance to cephalosporins than there is to penicillin
  • primarily renally excreted
44
Q

If someone is allergic to penicillins, can you give them cephalosporins?

A
  • rare to have a cross allergy. Enough difference from penicillin that is unlikely that you will have an allergy to both.
  • if person had severe allergic reaction to penicillin, cephalosporins may also be avoided
45
Q

What are the different classes of cephalosporins?

A
  • 5 generations (evolved drugs). Different generations are better at different things
  • antibacterial spectrum is broader as generation increases
  • starts with gram-positive coverage and adds gram-negative coverage
  • more resistance to beta-lactamase
46
Q

How are cephalosporins named?

A

Cef/ceph/kef….

47
Q

What are tetracyclines?

A
  • inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
  • bacteriostatic
  • broad spectrum
  • names ….cycline
48
Q

Why are tetracyclines used less commonly than decades ago?

A
  • lots of side effects
  • drug resistance
49
Q

Therapeutic uses for tetracyclines:

A
  • certain infectious diseases (ex. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae)
  • acne (can be topical or oral)
  • peptic ulcer disease
50
Q

Drug and food interactions of tetracyclines:

A
  • bind to minerals
  • calcium, iron, magnesium, etc.
  • dairy products, supplements, laxatives, antacids
  • give 1 hour before or 2 hours after (decreased adherence)
51
Q

Adverse effects of tetracyclines:

A
  • tooth discolouration (yellow or grey. Can also happen in-utero or in kids)
  • altered bone development
  • GI
  • photosensitivity (important to use sunscreen, sunglasses. Susceptible to skin or eye damage)
52
Q

Who should not take tetracyclines?

A
  • children younger than 8 years
  • pregnant or nursing women
53
Q

What are macrolides?

A
  • inhibitors of protein synthesis
  • bacteriostatic
  • spectrum of activity similar to penicillins (works on similar bacterial infections, often substituted when penicillin is not an option)
  • resistance
  • …mycin
54
Q

Adverse effects of macrolides:

A
  • most common are GI
  • epigastric irritation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
  • can be reduced by taking with food, but it impacts absorption of drug
55
Q

What are sulfonamides?

A
  • aka sulfa drugs
  • broad spectrum
  • bacteriostatic
  • systemic vs topical
56
Q

Sulfonamides may be mixed with silver for what purpose?

A

Burn care for serious wounds to promote healing and fight infections in deep MSK tissue.

57
Q

Uses for sulfonamides:

A

UTI (most common)

58
Q

Adverse effects of sulfonamides:

A
  • renal damage
  • allergy/hypersensitivity
  • increased free concentration of bilirubin
59
Q

Sulfonamides should not be used in what populations?

A
  • infants
  • near-term pregnant women
  • nursing mothers
60
Q

What are fluoroquinolones?

A
  • relatively newer antibiotic
  • started getting used to treat anthrax where nothing else worked
  • broad spectrum
  • bactericidal (kills bacteria)
  • inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
  • penetrate into many tissues
  • …floxacin (most common: ciprofloxacin)
61
Q

Why is fluoroquinolones considered a hammer?

A

Can work where other medications do not

62
Q

Why shouldn’t fluoroquinolones be used as a first line defence?

A

There are severe cases of side effects

63
Q

Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones:

A
  • risk of tendon problems when taking the drug and shortly after. Risk increased in those over 60, substantially more significant if they are on corticosteroids (esp injectable) at the same time.
  • phototoxicity
64
Q

Fluoroquinolones are not recommended for which populations?

A
  • children younger than 18 years old
  • pregnant women
65
Q

If someone develops signs of ______ while taking fluoroquinolones, it should be discontinued.

A

Tendinopathy

66
Q

Food and drug interactions with fluoroquinolones:

A
  • similar to tetracyclines
  • bind to minerals
  • calcium, iron, magnesium etc.
  • dairy products, supplements, laxatives and antacids
  • give 1 hour before or 2 hours after
67
Q

Pros and cons of using topical antibiotics:

A
  • wide range of conditions benefit from topical antibiotics
  • reduce infection rate
  • excessive use promotes resistance, hypersensitivity, impedes wound healing
  • wounds heal faster covered in a occlusive dressing and with topical antibiotic until it stops seeping.
  • some people may react to it
68
Q

Name 3 topical antibiotics and what type of bacteria they work on.

A
  • bacitracin: gram-positive bacteria
  • neomycin: gram-negative and some staphylococcus species. Higher rate of allergic skin reactions
  • polymyxin-B: gram-negative bacteria
69
Q

Antifungals are available in what forms?

A
  • available in topical, suppository and oral preparations
  • topical preparations sometimes combined with cortisone
  • …fine, …azole
70
Q

For fungal skin infections, _______ is the best medicine.

A

Prevention

71
Q

Describe antivirals:

A
  • narrow spectrum
  • mechanism of action varies by agent
  • resistance
  • wide range of adverse effect potentials
  • oral, parenteral, and topical therapies
72
Q

Important patient education for drugs that treat infections:

A
  • may experience abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea
  • extended release needs to be swallowed whole, not split or broken
  • doses should not be skipped
  • photosensitivity associated with select antibiotics
  • overuse promotes development of resistant strains (especially broad-spectrum antibiotics)
  • superinfections
  • up to half of antibiotics are unnecessary, poor choices, dosed wrong, or ineffective (viral infection)
73
Q

Red flags (contact provider) to look out for in those taking drugs for treating infection:

A
  • tachycardia or abnormal heartbeat; syncope
  • difficulty breathing
  • hearing or vision changes
  • dark urine, light-colour stools, jaundice
  • diarrhea and fever

ATTH 5100 (13 decks)

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