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OS Exam II > DSA: Thoracic And Lumbar Spine Mechanics > Flashcards

DSA: Thoracic And Lumbar Spine Mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Curvatures associated with the 4 regions of the spine

A

Cervical lordosis

Thoracic kyphosis

Lumbar lordosis

Sacral kyphosis

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2
Q

Describe bodies of thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 in terms of size, shape, and any unique characteristics

A

Medium size

Heart shape

Costal facets

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3
Q

Describe spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T1-T12

A

Long

Slope postero-inferiorly

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4
Q

Describe bodies of lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 in terms of size and shape

A

Large size

Kidney shape

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5
Q

Describe spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae L1-5

A

Short, broad

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6
Q

What are the 3 total components of a single vertebral unit?

A

2 adjacent vertebrae

Associated intervertebral disc

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7
Q

Describe the superior facet orientation of cervical vertebrae

A

Backwards
Upwards
Medial

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8
Q

Describe the superior facet orientation of thoracic vertebrae

A

Backwards
Upwards
Lateral

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9
Q

Describe the superior facet orientation of lumbar vertebrae

A

Backwards

Medial

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10
Q

What are the 5 ligaments associated with the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligamentum flava

Interspinous ligaments

Intertransverse ligaments

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11
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Ligamentum flava

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12
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine connects adjoining spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligaments

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13
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine consists of a strong, broad, fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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14
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament limits what type of motion?

A

Extension

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15
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine consists of a narrower, somewhat weaker band that runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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16
Q

What type of motion is resisted by the posterior longitudinal ligament? What does this prevent?

A

Resists hyperflexion

Prevents posterior herniation of nucleus pulposus

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17
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine connects adjoining transverse processes?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

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18
Q

What additional ligament associated with the spine is also associated with the pelvis?

A

Iliolumbar ligament

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19
Q

What are the 4 transversospinalis muscles of the spine?

A

Semispinalis thoracis m.

Rotatores longus m.

Rotatores brevis m.

Multifidus m.

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20
Q

T/F: Rotatores longus m. and Rotatores brevis m. have the same origin, insertion, and action

A

True

Origin/insertion is T1-12 between transverse and spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Action: bilaterally extends thoracic spine, unilaterally rotates thoracic spine to opposite side

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21
Q

What is the bilateral vs. unilateral action of rotatores longus m. and rotatores brevis m.?

A

Bilateral = extension of thoracic spine

Unilateral = rotation of thoracic spine to opposite side

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22
Q

Origin/insertion/innervation of multifidus m.

A

Origin: sacrum, ilium, mamillary processes of L1-5, transverse and articular processes of T1-4, C4-7

Insertion: superomedially to spinous processes, skipping to 2-4 vertebrae

Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nn.

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23
Q

Bilateral vs. unilateral actions of multifidus m.

A

Bilateral: extends spine

Unilateral: flexes spine to same side, rotates it to opposite side

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24
Q

3 divisions of semispinalis m.

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A

Semispinalis capitis m.

Semispinalis cervicis m.

Semispinalis thoracis m.

25
Origins of 3 divisions of semispinalis mm.
Semispinalis capitis m: transverse and articular processes of C4-T7 Semispinalis cervicis m: transverse processes of T1-6 Semispinalis thoracis m: transverse processes of T6-12
26
Insertion of 3 divisions of semispinalis m.
Capitis: occipital bone between superior/inferior nuchal lines Cervicis: spinous processes of C2-5 Thoracis: spinous processes of C6-T4
27
Bilateral vs. unilateral actions of semispinalis m.
Bilateral: extends thoracic and cervical spines and head (stabilizes craniovertebral joints) Unilateral: bends head, cervical and thoracic spines to same side, rotates to opposite side
28
ROM for general vertebral flexion
40-90
29
ROM for general vertebral extension
20-45
30
ROM for general vertebral sidebending
15-30
31
ROM for general vertebral rotation
3-8
32
_________ ________ refers to consistent association of a motion along or about one axis, with another motion about or along a 2nd axis
Coupled motion [the principle motion cannot be produced without the associated motion occurring as well]
33
________ refers to the relationship of joint mechanics with surrounding structures; this concept contributes to an increased ROM that may occur between the shoulder and spine or the spine and hip
Linkage
34
What effect does linkage have on joint assessment?
Specific joint assessment requires joint isolation for accurate measurement and evaluation Functional assessment of a joint may assess linkage Must note normal ROM vs. result of compensation d/t linkage
35
What type of barrier is the limit of active motion?
Physiologic barrier
36
What type of barrier is the limit of motion imposed by a structure as well as the limit of passive motion?
Anatomic barrier
37
What type of barrier is the range between the physiologic and anatomic barriers in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before tissue disruption?
Elastic barrier
38
What type of barrier is the functional limit within the anatomic ROM which abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range?
Restrictive barrier
39
What are some physiological effects of spinal somatic dysfunction?
Reduction in efficiency Impairment of fluid flow Alterations in nerve function Creation of stuctural imbalance
40
Vertebral motion is always referenced to what surface of the vertebrae?
Anterior/superior
41
Excessive motion (or restriction) is referred of the vertebra _________ in a functional vertebral unit
Above [ex: excess motion of L2 is the motion of L2 on L3]
42
Who described physiologic motion of the spine and published a set of 2 principles in 1918 referring to spinal motion?
Harrison Fryette, DO [CR Nelson, DO developed the 3rd principle in 1948]
43
Fryette: Type One Mechanics: In the ________ range, sidebending and rotation are coupled in _________ directions. Rotation is towards the convexity of the spine. Tends to be in a ________ of vertebra.
Neutral Opposite Group [Remember TONGO - Type One Neutral Group Opposite]
44
Fryette Type Two Mechanics: In sufficient __________ or ____________, sidebending and rotation are coupled in the __________ direction. Rotation is towards the concavity. Tends to be a ________ vertebra.
Flexion; extension Same Single
45
In a person with cervical spine flexion somatic dysfunction, they prefer the motion of _________ and are restricted to __________
Flexion; extension
46
In a left hip abduction somatic dysfunction, the patient prefers _________ and is restricted to _________
Abduction; adduction
47
Describe a T1-3, N, S^R, R^L somatic dysfunction
T1-T3 Neutral position Sidebent right (restricted to left sidebending) Rotated left (restricted to right rotation)
48
Name the somatic dysfunction in a patient at T9, non-neutral position, restriction to right sidebending, and rotated left
T9 F (or E) S^L R^L
49
What is the 3rd Fryette principle?
Initiating movement of a vertebral segment in any plane of motion will modify the movement of that segment in other planes of motion [states that if motion is restricted in one direction, motion will also be restricted in other directions, the same goes for improvement of motion]
50
The first 2 Fryette's principles only apply to what region(s) of the spine?
Thoracic and Lumbar only!
51
Rotation occurs in what plane and around what axis?
Transverse (horizontal) plane Superior-inferior axis
52
Sidebending occurs in what plane and around what axis?
Coronal (frontal) plane Anterior-posterior axis
53
Flexion/extension occurs in what plane and around what axis?
Sagittal plane Horizontal (left-right) axis
54
If a physician pushes anteriorly on right transverse process, rotational movement will be induced in the ________ plane and the vertebra rotates ______
Transverse; left
55
What are some equivalent ways of stating that the patient has a posterior transverse process on the right?
``` Right PTP Rotated right Hard end feel with rotation to the left Restricted in left rotation Will not rotate left Lives in right rotation Held to the right ```
56
What is the rule of 3's as it applies to spinous processes?
T1-3 Spinous process loacted at the level of the corresponding transverse process T4-6 Spinous process located 1/2 a segment below the corresponding transverse process T7-9 Spinous process located at the level of transverse process of vertebrae one below ``` T10 = Same as T7-9 T11 = Same as T4-6 T12 = Same as T1-3 ```
57
What spinal landmarks are present at the level of the spine of the scapula?
T3 spinous process | T3 transverse process
58
What spinal landmarks are present at the level of the inferior angle of the scapula?
Spinous process of T7 | Transverse process of T8
59
What spinal landmarks are present at the level of the iliac crest?
Level of L4 vertebra

OS Exam II (10 decks)

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