DSP Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
typical urine output
A
600-2000 mL/day
2
Q
urine glucose false pos
A
SGLT2 inhib
3
Q
urine glucose false neg
A
Vit C
4
Q
urine bili pos
A
conjugated/direct hyperbili
5
Q
urine bili false pos
A
red urine
6
Q
urine bili false neg
A
light exposure
7
Q
urine ketones pos
A
lipid metab
8
Q
urine ketones pos and glucosuria pos
A
DKA
9
Q
urine ketone false pos
A
highly pigmented urine
10
Q
urine spec gravity normal
A
<1.010
11
Q
urine blood pos
A
hematuria or hematoglobinuria
12
Q
urine blood false pos
A
menses, strenuous exercise
13
Q
urine blood false neg
A
red urine, beets
14
Q
urine pH acidic
A
high protein diet, diabetic acidosis, severe diarrhea, dehydration, fever, bacteria
15
Q
urine pH alkaline
A
high veg/milk/citrus diet, vomiting, resp alkalosis, UTI, CKD
16
Q
urine protein pos
A
glomerular damage, nephrotic syndrome, preeclampsia
17
Q
urine protein false pos
A
pH 9+
18
Q
urobilinogen increased
A
unconjugated/indirect bili
19
Q
urobilinogen absent
A
conjugated/direct bili
20
Q
urobilinogen false pos
A
red urine
21
Q
urobilinogen false neg
A
old urine
22
Q
hemolytic dz bili and urobili
A
reg bili, inc urobili
23
Q
hepatic dz bili and urobili
A
inc bili, inc urobili
24
Q
extrahep dz bili and urobili
A
inc bili, absent urobili
25
urine nitrate pos
enterobacteria present
26
urine nitrate false neg
<4-6 hrs since last urination
27
urine leukocytes pos
UTI or inflammation
28
urine leukocytes false neg
conc urine, proteinuria, glucosuria, viral infection
29
RBC microscopy values
<5 normal, >=2 microscopic hematuria
30
neutrophil microscopy
bacteria
31
eosinophil microscopy
interstitial nephritis
32
transitional epithelial cells microscopy
renal pelvis -> prox urethra
33
squamous epithelial cells microscopy
distal urethra -> ext genitalia
34
RBC cast
glomerulonephritis
35
WBC cast
interstitial nephritis
36
granular casts
acute tubular necrosis or AKI
37
renal tubular casts
acute tubular necrosis
38
hyaline casts
oliguria with conc urine
39
broad waxy casts
CKD
40
fatty casts
nephrotic syndrome
41
calcium oxalate mono
dumbbell; kidney stone
42
calcium oxalate di
square envelope; kidney stone
43
calcium phosphate
circle with spikes; alkaline urine
44
uric acid crystals
rhomboid; acidic urine
45
cystine crystals
cuboidal; acidic urine
46
struvite crystals
long envelope; alkaline urine (common in bact)
47
oval fat bodies
maltese cross, nephrotic syndrome
48
bladder scan direction
3 cm above pubic symphysis; 15 degree caudal
49
bladder scan pos number
>300 mL is urinary retention
50
bladder scan inaccurate if
body habitus, edema, scar, vol >1000mL
51
bladder scan equation
transverse x AP x length x 0.52
52
urine culture positive number
>=100,000 or if woman with pyuria, >= 1000
53
Gram pos color
purple
54
Gram neg color
pink (red)
55
gamma hemolytic bacteria
MRSA, Staph epidermis, Group D strep (boris, viridans)
56
alpha hemolytic bacteria
Strept pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis
57
tetanus prone wound
>6 hrs old, >1 cm deep, stellate/avulsion, associated with devitalized tissue, contam with soil/feces/saliva, from gun/puncture/crush, associated with frostbite/burn
58
absorb mono
Gut, monocryl, PDS
59
absorb multi
vicryl
60
nonabsorb mono
prolene, nylon
61
nonabsorb multi
silk, nylon
62
growth hormone increase
gigantism, acromegaly, anorexia/starvation, hypoglycemia, stress/surgery, exercise
63
growth hormone decrease
pituitary insuff, GH deficient, hyperglycemia
64
growth hormone stim test
give insulin to cause hypoglyc, if GH >10x => positive for excessive response
65
growth hormone suppress test
give glucose to cause hyperglyc, if GH does not change => positive for insufficient regulation
66
GH effects
increase skeletal growth, increase free FA, increase gluconeogen, increase blood to kidneys
67
prolactin effects
milk secretion in females
68
prolactin increase
pharm (SSRI, anticonvulse), physio (stress, exercise), patho (acromegaly, hypothy, SLE)
69
ACTH secreted in resp to
dec cortisol, inc stress, hypoglycemia
70
ACTH effects
stim adrenal cortex to release mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens
71
normal stimulation test for ACTH
give ACTH, if <2x rise in cortisol => deficient
72
ACTH increase
Addison dz (adrenal failure), pituitary adenoma or other ACTH tumor
73
ACTH decrease
Cushing dz, Cushing syndrome, adrenal hyperplasia, hypopituitary
74
TSH secreted in resp to
decreased T3/T4
75
TSH increase
primary hypothyroidism, thyroditis, thryoid ablation, iodine toxicity, pituitary tumor
76
TSH decrease
secondary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroid, meds (synthyroid)F
77
GH hypothal
GHRH
78
ACTH hypothal
CRH
79
TSH hypothal
TRH
80
FSH/LH hypothal
GnRH
81
FSH effects
female: maturation of germinal follicle, produce estrogen
male: control spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells
82
LH effects
female: LH surge leads to ovulation, corpus luteum develop, produce progesterone
male: produce testosterone in Leydig cells
83
LH/FSH increase
ovarian/teste fail, pituitary neoplasm, drugs
84
LH/FSH decrease
hypo pituitary, hyper ovary/testes, drugs
85
ADH released in resp to
increased serum osmolarity, decreased blood volume
86
ADH effect
increased water reabsorb in the kidneys
87
ADH increase
SIADH, nephrogenic DI, tumor, severe phys stress, hypovolemia
88
ADH decrease
central DI, tumor, CNS trauma/infection, ablated pituitary, hypervolemia
89
oxytocin effect
milk letdown, uterine contractions
90
order of pituitary loss function
GLFTAP (GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin)
91
T3/T4 effect
increase metab act, carotene into vit A, CNS development
92
hyperthyroid TSH, T3/T4
dec TSH, inc T3/T4
93
primary hypothyroid TSH, T3/T4
inc TSH, dec T3/T4
94
secondary hypothyroid TSH, T3/T4
dec TSH, dec T3/T4
95
increased T3
OCP, estrogen
96
increased T4
Synthyroid
97
decreased T3
steroids, ASA, phenytoin
98
decreased T4
iodine deficiency
99
PTH secreted in resp to
decreased Ca2+ or Mg2+
100
PTH effect
release Ca from bone, increase Ca reabsorb in kidney, increase vit D product
101
Increase PTH
primary hyperparathyroid, chronic renal failure, Ca malabsorb, vit D deficiency, drugs
102
decreased PTH
hypoparathyroid, bone malignancy, drugs
103
adrenal glands produce
cortex: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
medulla: amphetamines
104
aldosterone secreted in resp to
decreased Na, decreased blood vol, increased K
105
aldosterone effect
stimulate kidney to reabsorb Na, increase K excrete, involved in RAAS
106
aldosterone increase
primary hyperaldo (adrenal adenoma), secondary hyperaldo (dec renal perfusion), drugs
107
aldosterone decrease
steroids, renin deficiency, hypernat, hypokal, drugs, Addison dz
108
epinephrine secreted in resp to
sympathetic stimulation, hypoglyc, hypotension
109
norepinephrine secreted in resp to
sympathetic stimulation
110
epinephrine effect
increase metab, inc HR, inc BP, inc glucose
111
norepinephrine effect
decreased HR, inc BP
112
IUD contraindic
pregnant, septic abortion, puerperal sepsis, postpartum endometriosis, uterine malformation, STD/PUD in last 3 mo, <4 wk postpartum, neoplasm
hormone only: migraine with FND, hx of VTE
113
gestation sac criteria
major: >= 25 mm and embryo inside, round
minor: fundus, thick echogenic ring, double ring sign
114
what eval on 2nd/3rd trimester scan
biparietal diameter
head circumference
femur length
abd circumference
amniotic fluid vol
fetal heart rate
115
head circumference equation
1.57 (BPD * occipt-front diameter)
116
best predic of growth restrict
abd circumference
117
oligoamnio and polyamnio
oligo: <2
poly: >8
118
breast US probe
high freq linear
119
breast US benign
well defined, hypoechoic, wider>deep, post acoustic enhance, no power to center
120
reassuring nonstress test
2+ FHR accelerations (15 bpm above baseline for 15+ seconds) in 20 mins
121
early decelerations
nadir of FHR is at peak of contract
cause: fetal head compression
122
variable decelerations
abrupt dec of FHR, not related to contraction
cause: umbilical cord compression
123
late decelerations
grad dec of FHR, nadir is after peak compression
cause: uteroplacental deficiency
124
cardinal tech of delivery
engage
descent
flexion
int rotate
extension
ext rotate
expulsion
125
thoracostomy safe area
lateral edge of pec major, base of axilla, 5th IC space, lateral edge of lat dorssi
126
