DUMS questions Flashcards

Question

what is a holoenzyme

Answer 1

possess a co-factor, which is an associated substance essential for that enzyme’s function.

Answer 2

has no cofactor

Answer 3

Isozymes are like isomers – they catalyse the same reaction but have different structures and chemical properties.

Answer 4

an inert substance which can be chemically converted into an enzyme.

Answer 5

is a hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, and is often called a "hunger hormone" because it increases food intake.

Answer 6

glycogen synthase

Answer 7

glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 8

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Answer 9

acetyl-coA carboxylase

Answer 10

phosphofructikinase-1

Answer 11

renin is recreated by the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

Answer 12

ACE is found on plasma membranes of many cell types and converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Answer 13

IgG - transferred across the placenta

Answer 14

IgA - transferred to the neonate via colostrum and breast milk

Answer 15

Burkitts lymphoma

Answer 16

collection of calcium found in biopsy samples of mesothelioma, a pleural malignancy caused by inhaled asbestos

Answer 17

adenocarcinoma

Answer 18

small cell carcinoma

Answer 19

for hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 20

colorectal cancer with histological appearance

Answer 21

skeletal and cardiac

Answer 22

- neurogenic (neuromuscular junctions)

Answer 23

adenocarcinomas if malignant and adenomas if benign

Answer 24

squamous cell carcinoma if malignant or papilloma if benign

Answer 25

transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 26

- fat = lipoma - bone = osteoma - cartilage = enchrondroma - skeletal muscle = rhabdomyoma - smooth muscle = leiomyoma - nerves - neurofibroma schwannoma - blood vessels = haemangioma

Answer 27

- fat = liposarcoma - bone = osteosarcoma - cartilage = chondrosarcoma - skeletal muscle = rhabdomyosarcoma - smooth muscle = leiomyosarcoma - nerves = malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour - blood vessels = Angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma

Answer 28

benign - freckle = ephelis - mole = naevus malignant - melanoma

Answer 29

``` benign = glioma malignant = gliosarcoma ```

Answer 30

- purple = gram positive - clusters = staphylococci - staphylococci can be divided into coagulase positive (staph.aureus) and coagulase negative (staph epidermis, staph saprphyticus) - staph.aureus is frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on skin but can be an opportunistic pathogen

Answer 31

- cocci in chain are streptococci - streptococci can be divided into alpha haemolytic (turns green on blood agar die to partial haemolysys eg strep pneumonia, Group A strep, Group B strep) and non haemolytic (eg enterococcus)

Answer 32

- gram negative bacteria stain pink under gram stain - large gram negative bacilli are referred to as coliform - E.coli, like many other coliform, is a gut commensal

Answer 33

- The Haldane effect describes how oxygen concentrations determine hemoglobin's affinity for carbon dioxide - The Bohr effect, on the other hand, describes how carbon dioxide and H+ affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

Answer 34

macrophages and dendritic cells MHC-II are present on professional antigen presenting cells macrophages are professional antigen presenting cells

Answer 35

CD4+ T cells

Answer 36

type IV an example of delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 37

exothermic

Answer 38

endothermic

Answer 39

non spontaneous (endergonic)

Answer 40

spontaneous (exergonic)

Answer 41

he intends to take action in the next 6 months

Answer 42

he intends to take action in the next 6 months and has taken some behavioural action

Answer 43

he intends to take action in the next 30 days and he has taken behavioural action

Answer 44

he is undergoing the action

Answer 45

he has changed his behaviour for more than 6 months

Answer 46

when K channels are open and Na channels are in the resting state

Answer 47

once the threshold is reached voltage gated Na channels open and cause depolarisation

Answer 48

array comparative genomic hybridisation

Answer 49

new cases of disease occurring in a population in a defined time period

Answer 50

frequency at which the disease appears in the population

Answer 51

number of existing cases of a disease within a population at a set point of time

Answer 52

staph aureus

Answer 53

partial or "green" haemolysis

Answer 54

complete or "yellow" haemolysis

Answer 55

lack of haemolysis

Answer 56

pavementing

Answer 57

malignant connective tissue tumour

Answer 58

noradrenaline

Answer 59

are transmembrane proteins that play important roles in the electrical signaling of cells. The activity of VGICs is regulated by the membrane potential of a cell, and open channels allow the movement of ions along an electrochemical gradient across cellular membranes

Answer 60

also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger

Answer 61

Primary cartilaginous joints are known as "synchondrosis". The cartilage, hyaline or fibrocartilage, are usually converted to bone with age, exception to this are the joints holding the first rib to the manubrium of the sternum, and sternal synchondroses.

Answer 62

These are permanent joints called symphyses and are composed of fibrocartilage. They are considered amphiarthroses, meaning that they allow only slight movement and are all found at the skeletal midline.A flat disk of fibrocartilage connect bones and remains unossified throughout life. Example is the joint in pubic symphysis.

Answer 63

synchondroses (primary cartilaginous) and symphyses (secondary cartilaginous).

Answer 64

vagus nerve (CN X)

Answer 65

phrenic nerve

Answer 66

intercostal nerve

Answer 67

- Immovable - These are fixed or fibrous joints. They’re defined as two or more bones in close contact that have no movement. The bones of the skull are an example. The immovable joints between the plates of the skull are known as sutures.

Answer 68

- Slightly moveable - Also known as cartilaginous joints, these joints are defined as two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place. The vertebrae of the spine are good examples.

Answer 69

- freely moveable - Also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial fluid enabling all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. These are the most prevalent joints in your body. Examples include joints like the knee and shoulder.

Answer 70

Permitting movement in all directions, the ball and socket joint features the rounded head of one bone sitting in the cup of another bone. Examples include your shoulder joint and your hip joint.

Answer 71

The hinge joint is like a door, opening and closing in one direction, along one plane. Examples include your elbow joint and your knee joint.

Answer 72

The condyloid joint allows movement, but no rotation. Examples include your finger joints and your jaw.

Answer 73

The pivot joint, also called the rotary joint or trochoid joint, is characterized by one bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a second bone. Examples are the joints between your ulna and radius bones that rotate your forearm, and the joint between the first and second vertebrae in your neck.

Answer 74

The gliding joint is also called the plane join. Although it only permits limited movement, it’s characterized by smooth surfaces that can slip over one another. An example is the joint in your wrist.

Answer 75

Although the saddle joint does not allow rotation, it does enable movement back and forth and side to side. An example is the joint at the base of your thumb.