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Microbiology > E2- Viral infections of the CNS > Flashcards

E2- Viral infections of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the destruction of motor neurons in spinal cord that results in asymmetric flaccid paralysis?

A

Poliomyelitis

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2
Q

What are the types of clinical syndromes associated with Polio virus?

A
  1. Inapparent infection
  2. Abortive illness
  3. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis
  4. Paralytic Poliomyelitis
  5. Post poli syndrome
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3
Q

What viral infection causes flaccid paralysis from lower

motor neuron damage in less than 1% of infected individuals?

A

Polio virus

Parylytic poliomyelitis

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4
Q

What viral infection causes muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue 30 or more yrs after infection?

A

Post polio syndrome in paralyzed polio patients

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5
Q

What causes post polio syndrome?

A

Remaining motor units of CNS now react to over use and fail

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6
Q

How is polio virus prevented?

A

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
Live polio vaccine
Now called EIPV

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7
Q

Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) prevents what?

A

Disease (paralysis), not infection

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8
Q

What type of vaccine is the Live polio vaccine?

A

Trivalent oral polio vaccine, OPV (Sabin)

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9
Q

What polio vaccine is used in the US?

A

Only IPV is employed in US (inactivated polio vaccine)

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10
Q

Last case of paralytic disease in America caused by a ___ virus was decades ago.

A

Wildtype

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11
Q

What type of virus is polio virus?

A

Picorna virus (3 antigenic types)

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12
Q

Why is the live polio vaccine (OPV) not given in the US?

A

Back mutation to wild type
Risk of VAPP (vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis) associated with use of the oral vaccine is considered to be unacceptable
If you had not vaccinated them at all, they would probably have never been infected/paralyzed

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13
Q

Arboviruses use what as vectors?

A

Athropods-borne viruses
Mosquitos and ticks
Birds and small mammals

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14
Q

What are the three groups of arboviruses?

A

Togaviridae group
Flaviviridae group
Bunyaviridae

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15
Q

What are rare strains of poliovirus that have genetically mutated from the strain contained in the oral polio vaccine?

A

Circulating vaccine-derived poliviruses (cVDPVs)

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16
Q

What causes St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus, Dengue virus, and yellow fever?

A

Flaviviridae group of arboviruses

17
Q

What causes California encephalitis virus?

A

Bunyaviridae group of arboviruses

18
Q

What are the general clinical manifestations of Arboviruses?

A

Abrupt onset of fever, HA, vertigo, photophobia, N/V

Confusion and personality changes, focal or general seizures

19
Q

How is arbovirus dx?

A

Tests for IgM antibody with CSF or serum (*MAC-ELISA)

20
Q

What may induce long-lasting positive IgM titers when testing for arboviruses?

A

Vaccination against Yellow fever and/or Japanese encephalitis

21
Q

How is arbovirus infection prevention?

A

Interrupt chain of transmission (mosquitoes)
Eradication of vector
Avoidance of exposure
(Window screens, Insect repellents)
Immunization of nonhuman amplifying hosts (Horses)

22
Q

How is Zika virus spread?

A

Mosquitoes and STI (months after infection; male could infect female leading to birth defects)

23
Q

This the major concern with Zika virus?

A

Teratogenic potential, also linked to GBS

24
Q

How is Zika virus dx?

A

Nucleic acid test (PCR) and MAC ELISA

25
Q

What does Zika have antigenic cross-reaction with?

A

Flaviviruses such as Dengue

26
Q

What have the majority of Zika viruses been associated with?

A

Travel

27
Q

Rabies is considered invariably ____ once symptoms are overt

A

Fatal

28
Q

What is seen in the excitatory phase of rabies infection?

A

Furious in dogs
Anxiety
Apprehension hydrophobia (humans only)
Increased salivation/foaming at the mouth from not swollowing

29
Q

What phase of rabies infection causes coma, hypotension, and death?

A

Paralytic phase

30
Q

Exposure to or bite from what animals is sufficient to initiate post exposure prophylaxis?

A

Skunk, fox, raccoon, or bat*

Kill and examine animal immediately

31
Q

Exposure to or bite from what animals requires no action because they are rarely infected?

A

Rodents and rabbits

32
Q

What type of virus is rabies?

A

Rhabdovirus

33
Q

What is pathognomonic for rabies?

A

Negri body

34
Q

Retrospective study has revealed the majority of human cases since 1990 have been ____, not linked to bites, but simple contact

A

Cryptic

35
Q

What is the tx for clinically overt rabies?

A

There is no therapy for clinically overt rabies – the “Milwaukee” protocol has failed as often as it has succeeded

36
Q

How is rabies prevented?

A

(1) avoidance of exposure
(2) prophylactic vaccination of companion and herd animals, and
(3) immunization after exposure (post exposure prophylaxis consisting of vaccine and hyperimmune serum)

Microbiology (23 decks)

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