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BIOL 330 - Zoology > E3: Temp. Regulation > Flashcards

E3: Temp. Regulation Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

_____ reactions within the body are extremely sensitive to temp.

A

Biochemical

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2
Q

All enzymes have a(n) _____ _____ _____ for normal function.

A

Optimal temperature range

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3
Q

When is an enzyme impared in regards to temperature?

A

When the temp. is above or below the optimal temp. range

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4
Q

What happens when temp. is too low?

A
  • metabolic process slows
  • reduced energy (less ATP) for normal activity and reproduction
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5
Q

What happens when temp. is too high?

A
  • metabolic reactions become unbalanced
  • enzymes denatured and non-functional
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6
Q

What are the two options for temp. regulation?

A

1) find a habitat without temp. extremes
2) develop means to stabilize their metabolism independent to environmental temp. extremes

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7
Q

Define poikilothermic

A

Ectothermic

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8
Q

Define homeothermic

A

endothermic

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9
Q

For poikilothermic organisms, body temp. is _____ with changing environmental temps.

A

fluctuating

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10
Q

More animals are _____thermic.

A

Poikilothermic or ectothermic

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11
Q

For Poikilothermic organisms, heat loss is _____ to gain by motabolism.

A

equal

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12
Q

How to Poikilothermics produce heat energy?

A

As a result of chemical reactions

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13
Q

What is an example of a Poikilothermic exploiting their environment behavioally?

A

Sun basking

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14
Q

For homeothermic organisms, body temp. is _____ with changing environmental temps.

A

independently regulated or constant

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15
Q

How do homeothermics produce body heat?

A

From within

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16
Q

What kind of animals are homeothermic?

A

birds, mammals, few non-avial reptiles and fast swimming fishes

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17
Q

What is an advantage of Homeothermics to Poikilothermics?

A

Can exploit habitats unsuitable for ectotherms (colder environemnts)

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18
Q

Which type of thermic hibernates?

A

homeothermic, but can remain active in winter

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19
Q

What do Poikilothermics do when they are too hot?

A
  • seek shade
  • stand above hot ground surfaces (not lay down)
  • decrease body surface exposed to sun
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20
Q

What do Poikilothermics do when too cold?

A
  • seek out the sun
  • increase surface area exposed to sun
  • lay on hot surfaces
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21
Q

What is temperature compensation?

A

The adjustment of metabolic rates to the prevailing temperature.

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22
Q

How do Homeothermics maintain temp?

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A

By the delicate balance between heat production and heat loss

23
Q

Body temp range for mammals.

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A

36C - 38C (97F - 101F)

24
Q

Body temp range for birds.

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A

40C - 42C (104F - 108F)

25
Do Homeothermics or Poikilothermics need to comsume more food and why?
Homeothermics because heat production is directly tied to food intake
26
How is heat produced by metabolism for Homeothermics?
- oxidation of foods (cellular repiration) - basal cellular metabolism - muscle contraction
27
What are the 4 forms of heat loss?
- radiation - conduction - convection - evaporation of water
28
Describe radiation heat loss
by long wavelength into surrounding surface
29
Describe conduction heat loss
Heat loss conducting to contact surfaces - ground water, etc
30
Describe convection heat loss
Heat loss by air movement across surface body
31
Describe evaporation of water heat loss
- from outside body surface (sweating) - From respiratory surface (beathing)
32
What does Fossorial mean?
Below the ground (burrowing, hiding below ground)
33
What are some adaptations for hot environemnts?
- Fossorial behavior - Nocturnal behavior
34
How do large desert ungulates prevent water loss and overheating?
- light colored fur to reflect sun - insulating fur (thick) - increased convection and conduction on underside with thin fur - insulating fat concentrated in hump (keep heat out and in) - evaporative cooling (sweating and panting) - large eart to shade and increase surface area for heat loss
35
What does ungulate mean?
Hoofed animal that regergitate and chew their partially digested food
36
What are the two primary mechanisms to maintain temperatures in cold environments?
1) decreased heat conductance 2) increased heat production
37
Decreased heat conductance mechanisms
- increased fur and feather thickness - increase thickness of subcutaneous fat - increase thickness of fat layers on foot pads that are in contact with cold surfaces
38
How do extremities help with heat loss?
- allowed to cool far below body temp - countercurrent heat exchange - feet can rach very low temps (near freezing, muscles are closer to body and digit control is by tendons) - fats in extremitis have lower melting point (30C lower than other body fat)
39
What methods of augmented muscluar activity prevent heat loss?
- increased exercise - shivering This forces an increase in ATP and heat production by aerobic cellular respiration
40
Non-shivering thermo genesis
Brown fat metabolism (fat abundant with mitochondria and blood supply)
41
Where is brown fat found?
Near chest, axillary regions, and near kidneys (more so in babies)
42
How does brown fat metabolism work?
The uncoupling protein acts to uncouple the production of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat rather than ATP.
43
When food consumption cannot meet the energy demand or during seasonal changes and food shortages, what do some Birds and Mammals do?
Adaptive Hypothermia
44
What does adaptive hypothermia allow?
The body temp to call to decresae the loss of heat to the environment
45
How long can adaptive hypothermia last for?
hours to months depending on the species
46
What is daily torpor and give an example of an organism that does this.
Drop in temp during inactivity and sleep - hummingbirds
47
Hibernation vs torpor.
Hibernation is voluntary, torpor is involuntary
48
What is hibernation?
A prolonged and controlled state or dormancy
49
What happens to core temp when in hibernation?
Drops to a degree or less above ambient temps.
50
How do organisms produce heat during the arousal period of hibernation?
shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis
51
Prolonged sleep vs hibernation?
Prlonged sleep organisms can be awakended due to moderate maintenance of normal temp. Hiberating organisms cannot be awakened due to needing to go though the arousal process
52
Estivation definition
Dormancy during hot or dry periods
53
Why do organisms go into estivation?
Water and food are scarce, decreases the metabolism

BIOL 330 - Zoology (19 decks)

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