Final: Digestion and nutrition

Question 1

Define heterotrophic.

Answer 1

Depend on already synthesized organic compound of plants and other animals to obtain the materials needed for growth, maintenance and reproduction.

Question 2

What is one of the most potent driving forces in animal evolution?

Answer 2

Food procurement

Question 3

What has placed a high priority on adaptation for exploiting new sources of food?

Answer 3

Natural selection

Question 4

What are the 3 primary means of feeding?

Answer 4

1. feeding on particulate matter
2. feeding on food masses
3. feeding on fluid

Question 5

Define saprophagous feeding.

Answer 5

Feeding on decaying organic matter

Question 6

What is another way to describe feeding on particulate matter?

Answer 6

Suspension feeding

Question 7

Describe feeding on particulate matter.

Answer 7

• use ciliated surfaces
• cilia produce currents of water to pull suspended particle toward gut opening
• entrap food in mucous sheet
• mucous and food is pulled into mouth

Question 8

What kind of organims are suspension feeders?

Answer 8

Invertebrates

Question 9

What kind of eating is filter feeding considered?

Answer 9

Suspension eating

Question 10

List some examples of structures that have evolves for filter feeding.

Answer 10

• feather like stuctures
• gills of bivalve and chordates
• beaks of birds (flamingo)
• baleen of whales

Question 11

Describe the teeth in particulate matter feeders.

Answer 11

Dermis containing dental papilla originating from neural crest cells, also contain odontoblasts.

Question 12

What is an ondontoblast?

Answer 12

A specialized cell that secrets dentin

Question 13

What determines the adaptation for mass food consumption feeders?

Answer 13

Their primary food source.

Question 14

List some examples of possible adaptations for feeding on food masses.

Answer 14

• capture
• holding
• swallowing
• digesting

Question 15

What are the two tooth appearance types?

Answer 15

Homodont and heterodont

Question 16

What is homodont and provide an example.

Answer 16

Uniform teeth, ex. fish

Question 17

What is heterodont and provide an example.

Answer 17

Differing teeth, ex. tetrapods and humans

Question 18

Where does teeth development take place?

Answer 18

The epidermis and dermis.

Question 19

What tooth structures come from the epidermis?

Answer 19

• enamel organ
• ameloblasts

Question 20

What are ameloblasts?

Answer 20

Specialized cells that secrete hard enamel

Question 21

What is polyphyodont and provide an example.

Answer 21

Teeth are continuously replaced.
- ex. most vertebrates (sharks)

Question 22

What is diphyodont and provide an example.

Answer 22

Only two sets of teeth, baby and adult.
- ex. mammals

Question 23

What is the main function of teeth?

Answer 23

Mechanical digestion

Question 24

What are the different kind of teeth?

Answer 24

• incisors
• canines
• premolars and molars

Question 25

Incisors function.

Answer 25

biting, cutting, and stripping

Question 26

Canines function.

Answer 26

Piercing, holding, and tearing

Question 27

Premolar and molar function.

Answer 27

Grinding and crushing

Question 28

What is the most diffucult food to digest?

Answer 28

Plant matter

Question 29

What is needed for chemical digestion of cellulose?

Answer 29

Cellulase

Question 30

What do herbivores depend on to be ablet o consume plant matter?

Answer 30

icrobial digestion of cellulose into fatty acids and sugar

Question 31

What causes modified teeth throughout the animal kingdom?

Answer 31

Specialized food habits

Question 32

Decribe tendancies of herbovore teeth.

Answer 32

• teeth are flattened
• have enamel ridges for improved grinding
• teeth continuously grow as they wear