EAPP - Position Paper to Graphs

Question 1

An academic text which gives the writer’s opinion about a certain issue; aims to persuade or convince readers to take the writer’s stand/position.

Answer 1

Position Paper

Question 2

The problem, controversy, arguable point

Answer 2

Issue

Question 3

Central argument/thesis, writer’s stand

Answer 3

Claim/Position

Question 4

Logical assertions, reasons

Answer 4

Arguments

Question 5

Facts, statistics, interviews, expert’s testimonies

Answer 5

Evidences

Question 6

Opposing viewpoints, intended to be disproven and refuted

Answer 6

Counter-Arguments

Question 7

Establishing credibility or trust

Answer 7

Ethos

Question 8

Appeal to emotions or values

Answer 8

Pathos

Question 9

Appeal to logic using reason or by providing proof

Answer 9

Logos

Question 10

An effective position paper introduces the issue by providing sufficient background information.

Answer 10

A well-informed issue

Question 11

A well-supported position is one that is based on facts and rational thinking which can be achieved after a careful process of thinking using relevant information.

Answer 11

A well-supported position

Question 12

An effective position paper considers and addresses possible arguments against its claim.

Answer 12

An Effective Counterargument

Question 13

Good arguments are supported by evidence that is credible, precise, and representative.

Answer 13

A persuasive evidence

Question 14

Comes from relevant books, peer-reviewed journals, or experts; data collected and presented according to accepted standards and ethical rules; fact-checked

Answer 14

Credible

Question 15

Described in precise quantitative or qualitative terms

Answer 15

Precise

Question 16

Uses relevant data; can be generalized for things falling within the scope of study

Answer 16

Representative

Question 17

a mistaken or illogical idea; error in reason

Answer 17

Fallacies

Question 18

the science of thinking

Answer 18

Logic

Question 19

Refers to the writer’s logical and evidence-based assertions about an issue; any point supported by reason or evidence.

Answer 19

Arguments

Question 20

discussion and analysis of issues; aims to persuade others to believe the speakers’ arguments

Answer 20

Debate

Question 21

involves the proposal of a plan by the affirmative team to enact a policy, while the negative team offers reasons to reject that proposal.

Answer 21

Policy Debate

Question 22

is a type of one-on-one competitive debate where arguments place heavy emphasis on logic, ethical values, and philosophy.

Answer 22

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

Question 22

debaters give a constructive speech (testimony) followed by a cross examination (questioning) by another debater.

Answer 22

Cross Examination Debate

Question 23

a two-on-two debate, between the affirmative team, known as the Government or the Proposition, and the negative team, referred to as the Opposition.

Answer 23

Parliamentary Debate

Question 24

usually begins with THBT; statement which the members affirm or oppose.

Answer 24

Topic/Motion

Question 25

content/substance which includes the arguments, evidences, examples, analysis; also consists of rebuttals and POIs

Answer 25

Matter

Question 26

structure/organization of the speech; allocation of arguments; cohesion of team members

Answer 26

Method

Question 27

assesses the debate; decides for the winner; judges based on matter, method, and manner

Answer 27

Adjudicator

Question 28

series of sentences, statements, propositions that are intended to give a reason for the conclusion.

Answer 28

Argument

Question 29

anything that can be used to prove an argument (a claim) in a debate.

Answer 29

Evidence

Question 30

is a counter-argument; it seeks to disprove or weaken the opposing argument through evidence.

Answer 30

Rebuttal

Question 31

is a thoroughly successful rebuttal.

Answer 31

Refutation

Question 32

a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, political, religious, scientific or military issues; current state of social structure or values.

Answer 32

Status Quo

Question 33

the duty of proving a disputed assertion or charge; any claim that creates a proposition of fact must meet the burden of proof by providing some form of evidence or example proving it true.

Answer 33

Burden of Proof

Question 34

opens the case, defines the motion, sets the context/ status quo, outlines arguments (Introduction and Argument 1).

Answer 34

Prime Minister

Question 35

refutes the case of the OPP, reestablish claim, advances arguments (Opposition to LO, Argument 2-3)

Answer 35

Deputy Prime Minister

Question 36

rebuts OPP’s case/arguments, summarizes arguments (Conclusion)

Answer 36

Government Whip

Question 37

responds to the Prime Minister, outlines arguments (Introduction, opposition to PM, and Argument 1)

Answer 37

Leader of the Opposition

Question 38

refutes the case of the GOV, reestablish claim, advances arguments (Opposition to DPM, Argument 2)

Answer 38

Deputy Leader of the Opposition

Question 39

rebuts GOV’s case/arguments, summarizes arguments (Conclusion)

Answer 39

Opposition Whip

Question 40

Given by any member of the team after the speeches of the GW and OW

Answer 40

The Reply

Question 41

Questions or clarifications raised by an opponent while a speech is ongoing

Answer 41

Point of Information

Question 42

This fallacy falsely assumes that one event causes another. Often a reader will mistake a time connection for a cause-effect connection. Similar to Post-Hoc Fallacy, but caused by lack of research.

Answer 42

Mistaken or Illogical Idea

Question 43

is similar to making an unstated or invalid assumption. It occurs when a speaker employs an unsupported assertion in defense of their central idea.

Answer 43

An error in reasoning

Question 44

is defined as one that is deductively invalid, contains an unjustified premise, or that ignores relevant evidence that is available and that should be known by the arguer.

Answer 44

Illegitimate Arguments

Question 45

Also known as the logical fallacy of irrelevant thesis. It occurs when reasons are given that, if true, still would not prove the conclusion. In these cases, the premises (or reasons to believe) may be true, but the conclusion doesn’t follow from them.

Answer 45

Irrelevant Points

Question 46

Also known as Appeal to Ignorance. This fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because there is no evidence against it. This fallacy wrongly shifts the burden of proof away from the one making the claim.

Answer 46

Lack of Evidence

Question 47

Occurs when we accept a claim merely because someone tells us an authority figure supports that claim. An authority figure supports that claim. An authority figure can be any person whose status and prestige causes us to respect them.

Answer 47

Appeal to Authority

Question 48

This fallacy attempts to capitalize upon feelings of respect or familiarity with a famous individual.

Answer 48

Appeal to Improper Authority

Question 49

In this sort of appeal, the authority is one who actually is knowledgeable on the matter, but one who may have professional or personal motivations that render his professional judgment suspect.

Answer 49

Appeal to Biased Authority

Question 50

Attempting to discredit an opponent’s position by pointing out their contradictory behavior or hypocritical stance, an attempt to turn the conversation’s focus onto an opponent’s flaws.

Answer 50

Appeal to Hypocrisy

Question 51

often by arousing the feelings and enthusiasm of the multitude rather than building an argument.

Answer 51

Appeal to Popular

Question 52

“Everybody is doing it.” This argumentum ad populum asserts that, since the majority of people believes an argument or chooses a particular course of action, the argument must be true, or the course of action must be followed, or the decision must be the best choice.

Answer 52

Bandwagon Approach

Question 53

“Draping oneself in the flag.” This argument asserts that a certain stance is true or correct because it is somehow patriotic, and that those who disagree are unpatriotic.

Answer 53

Patriotic Approach

Question 54

This type of argumentum ad populum doesn’t assert “everybody is doing it,” but rather that “all the best people are doing it.”

Answer 54

Snob Approach

Question 55

Asserting that an argument must be false because the implications of it being true would create negative results. The argument is illogical because truth and falsity are not contingent based upon how much we like or dislike the consequences of that truth.

Answer 55

Argument from Adverse Consequences

Question 56

Asserting that opponent’s argument must be false because you personally don’t understand it or can’t follow its technicalities.

Answer 56

Argument from Personal Incredulity

Question 57

Aims to present knowledge, facts, and conclusion about a certain problem or phenomenon

Answer 57

Reports

Question 58

General Parts of Reports

Answer 58

Title Abstract Introduction Literature Review Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion References

Question 59

Provides information, data, fact, feedback; does not have analysis or recommendations

Answer 59

Informational

Question 60

Gives solution to a problem; offers both information and analysis; has recommendations

Answer 60

Analytical

Question 61

Sells an idea, concept, service or product; gives information and writer’s point of view

Answer 61

Persuasive

Question 62

- Presents description and analysis of observation - Combination of theories and practice - Most common in the field of social sciences - Does not have a specific format and uses simpler and more personal language

Answer 62

Field Report

Question 63

- Commonly used in the field of sciences - Describes a process, accepts or rejects a hypothesis, and presents the result of a scientific research - May be used as reference for future researches

Answer 63

Scientific Report

Question 64

- Describes the processes involved - Presents the results of a survey

Answer 64

Survey Report

Question 65

A data-gathering tool that uses set of questions to get facts or information

Answer 65

Survey

Question 66

Data-gathering instrument that uses planned questions to qualitatively gather data from the respondent/s

Answer 66

Interview

Question 67

A research instrument that contains a series of questions for the purpose of getting specific information

Answer 67

Questionnaire

Question 68

The type which allows the respondents to express their answers in their own words; does not limit respondents to a single answer.

Answer 68

Open-ended Questions

Question 69

Type of question that expects a specific answer based on pre-decided categories; can be in the form of dichotomous, multiple choice, or rating scales.

Answer 69

Close-ended Questions

Question 70

Conducted to scientifically and systematically discover and test hypothesis; usually done in a laboratory or in a natural setting

Answer 70

Experiment

Question 71

Allows the description of behavior in a naturalistic or laboratory setting using the observer’s five senses; used to cross- validate the results from other instruments

Answer 71

Observation

Question 72

Allows the researcher to observe the subjects without interacting with them; usually employed by psychologists when observing animals and children

Answer 72

Non-Participant Observation

Question 73

Allows the researcher to interact actively with the subjects; sometimes require to be immersed in a group or community for a long period of time

Answer 73

Participant Observation

Question 74

Subjects are not aware that they are being observed

Answer 74

Covert Observation

Question 75

Subjects are aware that they are being observed

Answer 75

Overt Observation

Question 76

A detailed description of the processes and information that the researchers have gathered about the research topic

Answer 76

Research Report

Question 77

Uses words, statements, or paragraphs, with numerals, or measurement to describe data; used when there are very few quantities to be compared using paragraphs for the discussion

Answer 77

Textual Presentation

Question 78

Has table number and title, caption subhead (columns and rows), body (data under each subhead)

Answer 78

Tabular Presentation

Question 79

A verbal description of data added after the table

Answer 79

Tabular Presentation With Textual Analysis

Question 80

Representation of data using bars, lines, circles, and pictures

Answer 80

Graphs

Question 81

A graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous change or trend; may be ascending or descending

Answer 81

Line Graph

Question 82

Uses bars to compare categories of data; may be drawn vertically or horizontally

Answer 82

Bar Graph

Question 82

Circular statistical graph which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion; the arc length of each slice is proportional to the quantity it represents

Answer 82

Pie Graph