early modern Flashcards
(8 cards)
when did Henry VII rule and what did he do in his reign
1485-1509
political stability, econ grow and consolidation of power after war of the roses
his prio was secure the throne
eliminated potential rivals
execute key yorkist leaders such as richard III supporters
cautious ruler
focused on strengthening monarchy’s finances
improved royal revenue through efficient taxation
gained more control over kingdom’s finances
court of star chamber= deal with cases of corruption and disobedience
limited nobility power and wealth
secure england position in europe through diplomacy not military conflict
negotiated key alliances by his daughter marring james IV of scotland
treaty of Etaples secure peace with france
allow henry to focus on domestic matters
after war of roses threats of people falsely claiming throne
he defeated them= consolidation
when did Henry VIII rule and what did he do in his reign
1509-1547
at start popular and charismatic
marry catherine of aragon, brothers widow
inability male heir make him want annulment
desire to divorce and marry anne boleyn led to reformation
pope refused divorce so henry broke with the catholic church
established church of England in 1534 w him as supreme head
dissolution of monasteries which alters religious and social landscapes
military success vs france but expensive
1536 opposition to reforms led to pilgrimage of grace
he executed many rebels and secured control over england
actions set the stage for protestant reformation
when did Charles I rule and what did he do in his reign
1625-1649
charles
issues w parliament early on
believe divine right of kings
need for funds and parliaments resistance to his policies led to tension
1629 dissolved parliament = 11 year tyranny
during this raised funds through unpop means eg ship money and forced loans
charles marriage to catholic maria of france caused unrest in the mostly protestant country
after 11yr short parliament opened so he get more taxes for scot war but they refused so he closed it again
attempt arrest 5 mps after storm house of commons
fled in river they did
civil war between royalists and parliamentarians (oliver cromwell)
captured 1646 and negotiations failed so war goes on
1649 charles tried for high treason
found guilty and executed
les to commonwealth under cromwell
when did Oliver cromwell rule and what did he do in his reign
1649-1660
initially supported creation of a republic but instability = reconsider
cromwell dismissed long parliament becoming lord protector
commonwealth was republican gov but lacked stability
rump parliament: no house of lords
major generals: 1 in each region attempt at puritan reform = no prostitution gambling or swearing
governed through a council of state and a parliament though his powers were greater by a lot
rule marked by military control and influence
ireland: cromwell led military campaign to suppress catholic uprisings. controversial for its harshness
led success military campaigns in scotland
influenced by puritan faith and wants reform both religious and social life in england
suppress catholicism by banning christmas and a new strict moral code
when did Charles II rule and what did he do in his reign
1660-1685
accepts declaration of Breda:
‘cannot retaliate to those who killed his dad’
‘unable to collect ship money’
restoration of monarchy significant:
‘ended republic: cheers from crowd’
‘restoration led to formation of political parties’
political instability
charles invited from from french exile wgeee he lived under commonwealth
took throne promising to rule w moderation and respect for parliament
reign had issues between monarchy and parliament because taxation and authority and religious policies
struggled maintain stable relationship w parliament
they try always limit his power
charles dissolved parliament frequently when opposed his policies (especially support for catholicism
religious issues
secret catholic sympathies alarmed many protestants
charles want more catholic rights = problems w parliament
many disasters in his reign like great fire of london which destroyed much of city
parliament try exclude charles brother james duke of york (catholic) from like of succession
deepen political divisions between whigs who want exclude james and tories who support monarchy
charles want throne for family so dissolve parliament for rest of his reign
when did James II rule and what did he do in his reign
1685-1688
country at tension when james king
james favoured catholics in protestant country so parliament worries
evidence he favoured catholics:
-less anti catholic sermon
-replaced protestant ppl in gov w catholics
-right to a fair trial
‘DECLARATION OF INDULGENCES’
james had a catholic heir which concerned many
James II suspended Parliament and ruled by Royal Prerogative.
7 protestant nobles wrote to william of orange asking him to invade. He agreed as he saw a chance to counter catholic france.
william III and mary II come to england with army but james fled and they become king and queen
significance of glorious revolution:
scotland more independent+ control over scottish church
parliament now decided who would be king and not God
when did william III and mary II rule and what did he do in his reign
1689-1702
bill of rights;
-most of UK still still treated and respected king as most important person
-no suspending laws without parliament approval
-no taxation without parliaments approval
-Freedom of speech in parliament protected
-catholics cannot become king
-king has no army in peace time
BILL OF RIGHTS SHIFTED POWER FROM MONARCHY TO PARLIAMENT
when did Elizabeth I rule and what did he do in his reign
1558-1603
made ‘elizabethan religious settlement (mid ground between catholicism and protestantism)
act of supremacy= solidify break with rome
the act of uniformity standardised worship requiring use of the book of common prayer
brought religious stability after decades of conflict
faced threats from many catholic moncarchs
1588- Spanish armada - spanish fleet try invade england but elizabeth’s forces repelled the armada
england grew econ and established as global trading power
‘virgin queen’ never married and no kids
