modern Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
what was restricted franchise
A
only men with certain property requirements could vote
2
Q
in 1800 what % of men could vote and how many was there roughly
A
5%
400,000 men
3
Q
why were middle and working classes annoyed about not having the vote
A
they payed taxes but couldn’t decide anything to do with politics and how their taxes were used
4
Q
what were example of big cities that had no MP’s
A
manchester
birmingham
leeds
5
Q
how many people did manchester have but still have no mp and in what year
A
90,000 people in 1801
6
Q
what was rotten borough and what did it mean
A
area less than 10 people but had an MP
politics could be basically bought
7
Q
what did lack of secret ballot mean
A
voting was public
bribery and intimidation
wealthy= buy voters
8
Q
what did rural to urban migration expose
A
no political representation in big cities
9
Q
what did gov do during WW1 and how was it different to pre war
A
take control of state
controls industries wages rations ect
previously not like that
10
Q
what did DORA stand for and what did it do and when was it passed
A
defence of the realm act
after outbreak of war in 1914
allowed gov to control aspects of daily life including censorship
11
Q
what did censorship do and what were some examples and what were benefits
A
censorship of newspapers, industry, curfews, requisition of land
prevents freedom of expression
cannot criticise army so moral stays high
prevents spying(ruins moral) as spies make it illegal to spread rumours
12
Q
what did requisition of land mean
A
forces people to give up land and food ect
crops taken for army and workers( war efforts)
13
Q
when was conscription in WW1 and what was it for
A
1916 conscription for workers for war effort
14
Q
why was there a greater level of state control in ww2
A
more threat
less prepared
15
Q
what were ministries created for in ww2
A
direct food production(type of food being made)
shipping
labour
16
Q
what were blackouts
A
all power shut off so germans don’t see major cities so dont know where to bomb
17
Q
what was conscription for in ww2
A
war work eg factories and auxiliary service (boots+ ammo making ect)
18
Q
what is patriotism and what does it mean
A
extreme love for country
more unity so state control is more accepted
19
Q
what was william beverage
A
a liberal (middle of labour and conservative)
20
Q
when was the Beverage report made
A
1942
21
Q
what did the Beverage report do and show ect CONTEXT
A
kids sent to countryside in ww2
ppl saw difference in rich households on poor people
big difference between classes seen
22
Q
what was the Beverage report in terms of content and what were the 5 giants
A
identifying and caressing major social issues facing britain
want (demand because less demand is less price)
ignorance (lack of education)
squalor (poor housing)
idleness (unemployment)
disease (poor health)
23
Q
what did the 5 giants do and set
A
successful at identifying
labour continued policy
laid foundation for welfare state
24
Q
what is nationalisation and what does it mean
A
people’s interests are first prio
profits not maximised
25
what were the key industries that were nationalised and when (4)
coal 1947
railways 1948
electricity+ gas 1948-9
steel 1951
26
what does it mean when an industry is nationalised
gov controls :
wages
working condition
employment
27
what did nationalisation do to the government in terms of the people
made it more responsible for people’s wellbeing
28
what did labour do and what did they introduce
nationalised many things
introduced NHS
29
what is an interventionist state
state gets more involved with people
30
what is a trade union and when were they legalised
1871
organisation of an industry (can cause strikes)
31
what did labour mean in terms of unions
unions have more say
32
what did unions frequently do
disrupt work in coal and steel industry
33
who was leader of suffragettes
Emmeline Pankhurst
34
who was leader of suffragists
Millicent Fawcett
35
what did the suffragettes and suffragists both campaign for
more women’s right
36
which women’s group was the agressive one and what tactics did they use
suffragettes were more agressive
militant tactics
37
which women’s group was the peaceful one and what tactics did they use
suffragists
peaceful petitions and public meetings
38
which women’s group came first
suffragists and when didn’t see change the extreme suffragettes came in
39
what happened to women in ww1 which was a short lived success
got jobs but had to give up after which shows limited change
40
after ww2 who replaced churchill
Attlee
41
why did people vote labour after ww2
they didn’t think welfare state would stay and prioritise people
42
what is an issue with labour
doesn’t develop the country
economic stagnancy
43
what does left wing do
maximise people’s welfare
44
what does right wing do
maximise profit
45
in 1951 who won election and how long were they in power for
conservative in power until after Thatcher
46
after ww2 why did people want state involvement
more security and better social and economic conditions
47
what was economy like after ww2
low
repair nazi bombings ect
48
why did labour lose power
country needs recover
spending too much on welfare state
not enough money to generate income for economy and recovery
49
what did people realise when the economy became stagnant
labour would not getbtyje out of economic darkness post ww2
50
what was conservative party focus post election win in 1951
develop country economically
51
which political party did Thatcher hate and why
labour
too involved in people’s lives
52
53
what was Thatcher a big believer in
free market (people trade as much as they want)
dominated by big companies
growing econ as competitions produces more things
54
when was the miners strike
1984-85
55
what was the reasons for the miners strike and what were the 2 sides
thatcher wants close non profitable mines
thatcher VS Arthur Scargill who was head of national union of mines he worker (NUM)
56
who did the trade unions try defeating in the miners strike and why
the government
to gain economic control
57
what did the government refuse to do in the miners strike and what did they do instead
refused to negotiate
sent police to control front picketers (ppl in charge of strikes in unions)
notably at battle of orgreave
58
59
what did the government do to union funds in miners strike
used legal action
froze union funds
so they can’t access money
60
what did some miners do and how did police retaliate
threw bricks so police retaliated with brutality
61
after long did strike fail and why
around a year
goals not achieved of keeping mines open
people not getting payed
62
what is heavy industry and when did they decline
privatisation of heavy industry
(iron, steel coal are traditional heavy industries)
63
what did the miners strike / thatcher do
paved way for future privatisation of other industries
decline of traditional heavy industry
64
what are 3 examples of traditional heavy industry
iron
steel
coal
65
what was the arms race and when was this
mid to late 1900s
every capable country competeung to develop strongest weapons the fastest
66
when was first atomic weapon
1943
67
what does CND stand for and what was it and an example
campaign nuclear disarmament
org inside britain want stop britain from making new weapons
protest against trident missiles
68
what were 2 large scale protests CND organised
Aldermaston marches
Greenham common protest
69
why was CND significant
anti government demonstrations
70
what was Greenpeace from when and when was it gain popular
environmental org active from 1970s onwards
gained popularity 1980s
71
what was an example of protests from greenpeace
anti whaling protest
by 1930 50k whales killed per year
used for food and entertainment
72
what were 3 campaigns of greenpeace
pollution
toxic waste
climate change
73
why was geeenpeace significant
large impact on public opinion
one of first groups to push environmental issues on political scale
74
why did people protest
so parliament can discuss issues and potentially pass laws regarding issues
75
thatcher was called iron lady because of her strictness. why was she strict
daughter of shopkeeper
became lawyer
marries millionaire
made a fortune from nothing so she see peoples laziness
76
what was thatcher’s view on government intervention
very anti gov intervention
77
what did thatcher do to cabinet ministries and what did this mean
reduced inluence of cabinet ministries
this meant that it weakened influence of those below her in her party and made her the most powerful
78
what happened as a result of her centralised decision making
all decisions in N.10 go
through her
79
how was Thatcher’s centralised decision making different from that of WW2
in ww2 it was collective decision making (come to a decision together)
80
what was gov like post ww2
nationalist gov
labour in charge
other parties under labour help country get back on its feet
81
what were thatchers key policies
privatisation
reducing power of trade unions
promote free market reforms
82
what period was tony blair
1997-2007
83
what was Blair’s idea of sofa government and what were benefits
informal netting’s with advisors instead of formal cabinet discussions
people more honest and less acted to say wrong idea
84
why was Blair’s style seen as presidential
all decisions went though him despite discussions,
he listens but secessions go through him
85
what was a very controversial thing blair did an in what year and why did parliament criticise him
joined iraq war 2003
criticised because entered without UN approval + no proof of weapons
86
what did blair and thatcher do to scare people
people scared as concerns UK moving to a dictatorship grew
(thatcher cabinet ministries reduce + blair war against popular public opinion)
87
when was devolution
1997 onwards
88
89
what is a constitution
where laws are made
90
what did blair aim to do under his labour government
decentralise power
make regional self governance (eg us states gun laws)
91
BUF what is stand for?
British union of Fascists
92
what side of the wing are fascists
right wing
93
who was the leader of BUF
oswald Mosley
94
what is a fascist
fascists are extreme patriots
want maximise country and have idea that they are the best
95
what did labour to do minors and how did it affect the future
labour gave them too much power
miners used it against thatcher in miner’s strike
in attempt to keep mines open and maintain dominance+ strong position in country
96
why did Scotland not want to be part of the UK
historical hatred +
many wars +
long term desire for independence
97
what is proportional representation
political party represented in parliament by number of votes won in an election
98
what does parliament do
give funds to gov
law making
99
what did Scotland gain
devolved (seperate from british) parliament
100
what did scotlands devolved parliament have power over
health
education
local taxation
101
why did scotland still have to interact with british parliament
over major inquiries such as war ect and things that aren’t local to scotland
102
what did wales get and what was it like compared to scotlands
their own parliament with limited power but expanded over time
less independence than scotland because smaller and less econ strength
103
when were the troubles in northern ireland and how many died and what was it
1969-1996
Nationalists = catholics + united ireland (IRA)
unionists = protestant + want part of UK
3000 died + many wounded
104
how did the troubles in northern ireland end AND WHEN
good friday agreement
1998
105
what was the impacts of ireland scotland and wales
massive shift in UK constitution structure (law making)
more regions = more control over domestic affairs instead of international affairs
106
when was the coalition government
2010-15
107
what is hung parliament
no clear winner = not enough votes to have complete government
108
who was in the coalition and who was it found under
conservatives and liberal democrats
David Cameron
Nick Clegg
109
what were issues with the coalition government
tuition fees increased
means libdems broke major campaign promise
AUSTERITY POLICIES to reduce national debt were unpopular as no care for people but only for profit
110
what did coalition challenge
former ways of those such as Blair and Thatcher’s ideas of a centralised government
111
what are the 4 ways parliament challenged monarchy in tudor period
religion
finances
marriage
war
112
what were pretender plots with Henry VII
perkin warbeck
cambert simnel
pretend to be yorkist
yorkists lost in war if the roses which is how henry vii became king
yorkists try take power back
113
what happens when a party is in power
get positions in gov
114
what is parliament
where parties vote
proportional representation
115
in what sense was government not more powerful in modern than before
more power for people in:
TRADE UNIONS
CND
greenpeace
116
when was the great reform act
1832
117
what did the great reform act do
restructured english electoral system
redistributed seats
took and gave
118
what was results of greta reform act
previously not represented industrial cities now represented
working class get more votes / say
56 boroughs removed in england and wales
119
why was 1832 great reform act passed
response to 1831 riots
public pressure from working class
pay tax but no say in politics
standardised borough franchise
120
what was standardised borough franchise
everybody can vote if yearly rental price is greater than £10
121
how did parliament challenged monarchy tutors in terms of taxation
thomas wolsey tried war with france under henry
try raise taxes
rejected by parliament
122
how did parliament challenge tudors in terms of elizabeth
mary queen of scott’s was lizzy’s catholic cousins
constantly rebelled vs lizzy
lizzy no want to execute her
forced against her will by parliament to execute her cousin
123
how did parliament appose tudors in terms of marriage
parliament put extreme pressure on eleizabeth to marry to leave and heir
124
what was trade union congress and how did it help labour
one organisation of all
unions
supported labour when labour was growing
funds and encouraged people to vote labour
125
what was labour representation committee and how it help labour
group of socialists , trade unionists and other working class groups
aim to get more working class representation in parliament
126
how did labour stand out and gain votes
very different views to conservatives and liberals
clear voice for working class
127
how did working class feel by conservatives and liberals
ignored
dissatisfied with
wages
housing
healthcare
working conditions
128
why did trade unions not feel respected 1880-1914
concerns very rarely brought up in parliament
129
when and what was the taff vale case
1901
railway company sues union
wins
threatens right to strike
people lean more to labour
realise working class needs political voice
130
when was war of roses end and who was it between and why did it end
1485
Lancastrians and Yorkists
richard iii killed in battle of bosworth
makes henry vii king
131
what was reason for gov control in ww1
military failures
shell
crisis (not enough ammunition)
132
what was an example of conscription in ww1
married men forced to go to war
133
when and what was the peterloo massacre
1819 people peaceful protest at st peter’s field manchester
soldiers killed 19 and injured 400
134
how much did population of people who could vote increase by as a result of great reform act
rose by 8%
135
what were chartists and what were their 6 demands
many working people who believed they had to force change in political system before laws would change
universal suffrage (all can vote)
no property requirements to become MP
annual parliaments
equal representation
payment for MP’s
secret ballot
136
was chartism a success or faliren
both
provided many with experience of political campaign
demands rejected + no achievement
137
what did constitutions represent
smaller populations (1MP to 50k)
138
how many unionists did labour representation by 1903
8 mil unionists by 1903
139
what did liberals do when they saw labour as a threat
passed laws to benefit working class to keep votes
140
when was representation of the peoples act
1918
141
what did representation of peoples act mean
all men over 21 vote
women over 30 w enough property can vote for first time
1928 property requirements removed and age for women to vote lower
142
why was daily worker closed in ww2
suggesting industries benefited from war at en tent of workers
143
when was NHS established and under who
1948
Attlee
144
when and what was parliament act
1911 parliament act
house of lords block any laws blocked by house of commons
