Early Motor Development Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
What is the 1st level of the Model of Clark?
A
Reflexive period
2
Q
When and what is occurring in the reflexive period?
A
- Birth to 2 weeks
2. Information decoding and encoding
3
Q
What is the 2nd level of the Model of Clark?
A
Preadapted period
4
Q
When and what is occurring in the reflexive period?
A
- 2weeks to 1yo
2. Reflex inhibition
5
Q
What is the 3rd level of the Model of Clark?
A
Fundamental motor patterns
6
Q
When and what is occurring in the fundamental motor pattern stage?
A
- 1-7yo
2. Pre control, initial, and emerging elementary stages that become proficient between 5-7yo
7
Q
What is the 4th level of the Model of Clark?
A
Context Specific Motor Skills
8
Q
When and what is occurring in the context specific motor skills stage?
A
- 7-11yo
2. Transitioning
9
Q
What is the 5th level of the Model of Clark?
A
Skillfulness
10
Q
When and what is occurring in the skilfulness stage?
A
- 11yo+
2. Lifelong utilization and application
11
Q
What are the 2 kinds of early motor behaviour?
A
- Reflexive
2. Spontaneous
12
Q
What is a reflexive movement?
A
Stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli
13
Q
What is a spontaneous movement?
A
Movements not caused by known external stimuli
14
Q
What is another word for spontaneous movements?
A
Stereotypies
15
Q
Do movements occur in fairly predictable orders and timing?
A
Yes
16
Q
What is the most valid theory for early motor development?
A
Ecological perspective
17
Q
What is the definition of a motor stereotypie?
A
Patterned and periodic movement
18
Q
What is the original theory for a motor stereotypie?
A
Extraneous and has no purpose
19
Q
When do stereotypies start?
A
24 months
20
Q
What is a tic?
A
Consistent and fixed patterns of movement not linked to sensory stimulations
21
Q
When do tics appear?
A
5-7yo
22
Q
What is an example of a tic?
A
Scratching nose or tapping foot incessantly
23
Q
What is the current theory for a motor stereotypie?
A
Building blocks to some voluntary movements
24
Q
What are 2 examples of a stereotypie?
A
- Spontaneous arm movements that resemble reaching
2. Spontaneous kicking that resembles adult walking
25
What do newborns tend to do even though they are quite weak?
They exhibit underlying rhythmic coordination in the limbs rather than precise movements
26
What do the coordination patterns that newborns show resemble?
Future voluntary movement
27
Explain how an infant kicking is related to walking in an adult
The baby kicks from an extended position and flexes the hip and knee while dorsiflexing the ankle. After a slight pause, they begin to extend their hip and knee and plantar flex the ankle
28
What happens at the end of the extension phase?
Between kick interval
29
What does the between kick interval suggest?
Walking patterns
30
What is different about the infants kicking over the adults walking?
Infants co contract the flexor and extensor joints in unison while the adults perform sequential movements of the joints
31
What are 2 other types of stereotypies?
1. Head banging
| 2. Hand flapping
32
What is the importance of stereotypies?
They are found in typically developing children but they can also occur in secondary aetiologies where kids might have autism, mental retardation, sensory deprivation or stress
33
What is a reflex?
Involuntary movements occurring quickly after the onset of a stimuli
34
Do reflexes involve the whole body?
No - only a single muscle or group of muscles
35
Can reflexes be extinguished?
No
36
What does persistence of reflexes suggest?
Neurological problems
37
When are reflexes most strong?
At birth
38
What is the purpose of a reflex?
It is a built in response to facilitate survival
39
What do reflexes allow with the environment?
Dialogue
40
What do reflexes result in?
Sensory consequences and adaptations
41
What do reflexes provide building blocks to
Future movements
42
What are the 3 types of reflexes?
1. Primitive
2. Locomotor
3. Postural
43
What is a primitive reflex?
A reflex mediated by lower brain centers that is specific and localized and will elicit the same response every time
44
What is asymmetrical tonic neck?
When an infant is laying supine and they turn their head to one side, their same side arm and leg will extend to block rotation
45
What is a symmetrical tonic neck?
When an infant is in a sitting position and extend/flex their head which causes their arms to extend and legs flex/arms to flex and legs extend
46
What is a doll eye reflex?
When an infant flexes their head and they look upwards
47
What is palmar grasping?
When an infant feels a touch on their finger, they will close their hand tightly around it
48
What is moro reflex?
When an infant is in a supine position and their head is shaken gently which will cause their arms, legs, and fingers to all extend and then flex
49
What is the sucking reflex?
When an infant is touched on the face or above/below their lips, they will begin sucking motions
50
What is the babinski reflex?
When an infant is stroked on the sole of their foot at the heel and will extend their toes as a response
51
What is the babinski reflex relevant for today?
If the babinski reflex is positive in someone with a head trauma, it indicates they might have a CNS injury that has returned from infancy
52
What is the stepping reflex?
When an infant's soles are placed on a flat surface and their legs begin to move in a walking pattern
53
What is the searching reflex?
When an infant's cheek is touched with a smooth object and their head turns to the side
54
What is the palmar mandibular reflex?
When the infant has pressure applied to both palms which causes their mouth to open, eyes to close, and head to flex
55
What is the plantar grasping reflex?
When the infant's ball of their feet is stroked and their toes contract around the object
56
What is the startle reflex?
When the infant is in a supine position and their abdomen is tapped and their response is to flex their arms and legs
57
What does it mean if infantile primitive reflexes occur past their allotted time?
It could be warning sign to abnormal motor development
58
What kind of abnormalities in reflexes could there be?
1. Absence
| 2. Asymmetrical
59
What are the constraints in the reflexive period?
1. Structural
2. Functional
3. Environmental
4. Task
60
What kind of voluntary movement is linked to palmar grasping?
Reaching
61
What kind of voluntary movement is linked to startle or moro?
Catching yourself when startled
62
What kind of voluntary movement is linked to the stepping reflex?
Walking
63
What occurs in later infancy?
The infant will have voluntary control over their movements and will understand interactions and their environment better
64
What is a postural reflex?
Maintaining posture in a changing environment
65
When do postural reflexes occur?
4 months
66
What is different from postural reflexes to primitive reflexes?
Postural reflexes will be incorporated into the child's general repertoire
67
When do gravity reflexes occur?
After 2mo but before 18mo
68
What are gravity reflexes overrides by?
voluntary movements
69
When will gravity reflexes come back?
When an individual i s thrown unexpectedly off balance
70
What is derotative righting?
the infant begins in a supine position and when their legs and pelvis are turned to one side it will cause their trunk and head to follow the rotation
71
What is labyrinthine righting?
When the infant is supported upright and once they are tilted, their head will move and stay upright to the body
72
What is a pull up reflex?
Tipping the infant backward or forward to see their arms flex
73
What is a parachute reflex?
When the infant is held upright and once they are lowered toward the ground rapidly, they will extend their legs. A variation is when the infant is tilted forward causing their arms to extend
74
What is a locomotor reflex?
A resemblance of voluntary locomotor movements that appear and disappear before infants acquire the voluntary movement
75
What are 3 examples of locomotor reflexes?
1. Crawling
2. Stepping
3. Swimming
76
what is indicative of the voluntary movement of walking?
Stepping reflex
77
When do primitive reflexes disappear?
2 weeks
78
What do infants do to modify movement outcome?
They adapt their reflexes
79
What is an example of an infant adapting their reflex?
By sucking faster, they will get a faster supply of milk from the mother
80
What are 2 deviations to typical development that could indicate neurological disorders?
1. Reapperance of the reflex when it isn't needed
| 2. Disappearance of the reflex when it should be used
81
What is assessing neurological status a result of?
interacting constraints
82
Is it difficult to establish the exact time a reflex disappears?
Yes - varies with each kid
83
What do maturationists believe about reflexes and their voluntary movement connection?
They believe that it is inhibited by CNS development
84
What is motor interference?
A theory projected by maturationists that says that no voluntary movement will appear until the reflex fully disappears
85
What do ecological scientists believe?
Involuntary reflex is transformed into voluntary movement
86
Why would reflex disappearances occur?
Disuse and rate limiters
87
Is the period of reflex inhibition before voluntary skill onset as thought to happen by maturationists necessary?
No
88
What is systematic stimulation?
When, say, a locomotor reflex enhances voluntary locomotion
89
Why would a rate limiter affect disappearances?
The change in structural constraints or environmental constraints would possibly prevent the infant from attaining the reflex
90
What needs to be done in order to perform the reflex in terms of the systems?
All systems need to grow and develop
91
What happens when you elicit daily stepping reflexes in infants?
They increase their stepping reflex and will have an earlier onset of walking
92
What is the structural explanation for a reflex?
Reflexes are a byproduct of the NS and reflect the structure of the NS and the way humans are wired
93
What is the functional explanation for a reflex?
Reflexes help an infant survive
94
What is the applied explanation for a reflex?
Reflexes lead to voluntary skills and gives them an opportunity to practice coordinated movements
95
What is a motor milestone?
Fundamental motor skill that is a building block leading to complex motor skills
96
What are 2 things that define motor milestones?
1. Cumulative
| 2. Sequential
97
What does the attainment of an MM associate to later?
Acquisition of later voluntary movements
98
Is the order in which an infant attains milestones consistent?
Yes
99
Are motor milestones specific movements that lead to general actions?
Yes
100
What is an example of MM's leading to general actions?
1. Holding head erect
2. holding trunk upright
3. Standing
4. Walking
101
Is there a secular trend for motor milestones?
No
102
What is secular?
Universal decreasing with age
103
What is the trend of motor milestones?
They are being attained at the same age as infants did 80 years ago
104
What will affect motor milestones?
Changes in constraints either individually or culturally
105
What does down syndrome do to infants MM's?
Down syndromic kids have hypotonia which is low muscle tone and will affect their ability to do some MM's
106
What is the 1st child syndrome?
Mother carries child all the time
107
What effect does 1st child syndrome have?
The appearance of crawling will come late because they do not build muscle strength
108
Could certain milestones be rate limiters on others?
Yes
109
True or false: voluntary movements acquired during infancy appear in a sequence of these MM's that likely reflect changing individual constraints
True
110
What are 4 examples of individual constraints in MM's?
1. Maturation of CNS
2. Development of strength and endurance
3. Development of posture and balance
4. Improvements of sensory processing
111
What posture MM happens at 2mo?
Lifts head in prone position
112
When does lifting shoulders and turning head happen?
3mo
113
When does rolling over and sitting unsupported happen?
5mo
114
When do babies creep?
8mo
115
What happens at 7mo?
Babies will get on their hands and knees
116
What is creeping?
Moving on hands and knees
117
What is crawling?
Moving on arms and abdomen
118
What happens at 9mo?
Pull to stand and cruise furniture
119
When do babies stand alone?
10mo
120
What happens at 12mo?
Babies walk alone
121
What happens to an infant's spinal cord?
It changes from a primary kyphotic concave curve to a secondary lordotic convex curve
122
What is the order of how the spinal cord looks?
1. Cervical convex
2. Thoracic concave
3. Lumbar convex
4. Sacral concave
123
Will moving the baby's chin up contract the muscles and cause extensions to the shape of the cervical spine?
Yes
124
Who are at risk of poor developmental outcomes?
Preterm and low weight babies
125
Should you record MM?
Yes
126
Why are preterm babies at risk?
Their brain tissue surrounding the ventricles is most susceptible to injury and is very fragile
127
What travels in the ventricles?
Pyramidal tracks
128
What must be standardized for preterm babies?
Their time of day for feeding and the presence of motivation or stress in the environment from their caregiver
129
What does entering data of MM's do?
Compares the typical age range for each action of a child
130
What is a rate controller?
Individual constraints that inhibit or slow the attainment of a motor skill
131
Are rate limiters rapidly changing in childhood?
Yes
132
What important rate limiter is in crawling?
Muscle strength
133
What important rate limiter is in reaching?
Motivation or stimulation
134
What important rate limiter is in walking?
coordination or balance
135
What do rate limiters for posture and balance appear to involve?
A coupling of sensory and motor responses
136
What is the rate limiter for postural control and balance?
Proprioception
137
What is proprioception?
Sense in perceiving position and movement
138
What happens when you place an infant in a room where the walls and ceiling start moving?
The visual information makes it seem as if the body is moving because of the moving environment but the kinaesthetic information makes it seem as if the body is not because the baby is stationary
139
What is the infant's response to the moving walls?
They activate their muscles to regain their starting posture because their visual response takes over the kinaesthetic
140
Do infants continuously calibrate sensory motor responses?
Yes
141
Why is mobility important to infants?
They need to explore the environment independently through their ability to move
142
Does moving increase new perceptions?
Yes - environmental factors shape the CNS
143
What do mobility limitations do to children?
They change their cognition, attention, spatial awareness, visual perception, postural responses, and social/emotional development
144
What occurs in ASD children?
Gross motor skills are correlated with deficiency severity
145
What actions do ASD children have trouble doing?
Tying shoes, riding bikes, playing baseball
146
What was the initiative of Babies Gone Wild?
Using interacting constraints to allow young infants with autism the ability to "drive"
147
What was the hopeful outcome of Babies Gone Wild?
Assessing distance and improving depth and proprioception while using visual and auditory senses
