Locomotion Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What is locomotion?
A
Moving from place to place
2
Q
What number of limbs does it involve moving on?
A
1, 2, or 4
3
Q
What are some examples of locomotion?
A
Crawling, creeping, walking, running, hopping, skipping, galloping
4
Q
For development of locomotion, do certain motor milestones need to be achieved?
A
Yes
5
Q
What system needs to be developed to support yourself in movement?
A
Musculoskeletal - strength
6
Q
How does locomotion improve?
A
By uncoupling limbs normally moving in unison in infants
7
Q
Is environmental affordance important in locomotion?
A
Yes
8
Q
What are the 2 most common kinds of early locomotion?
A
Crawling and creeping
9
Q
What is crawling?
A
Moving on hands and abdomen
10
Q
What is crawling also called?
A
Commando crawl
11
Q
What is creeping?
A
Moving on hands and knees
12
Q
What do crawling and creeping reflect the development of?
A
Muscle strength, balance, and hand preference
13
Q
What are 3 rate limiters to upright walking in infants?
A
- Strength
- Balance
- Coordination
14
Q
What is the quadrupedal gait?
A
Walking on hands and feet
15
Q
What kind of constraints could cause quadrupedal gaits?
A
- Physical environment
- Sociocultural environment
- Structural
16
Q
What is the first form of upright, bipedal locomotion?
A
Walking
17
Q
What 2 things is walking defined by?
A
- 50% phasing of legs
2. Periods of double support with both feet on the ground followed by periods of single support
18
Q
What is the most typical pattern of early walking?
A
Maximizing stability and balance
19
Q
What is limited, shortened, and widened in early walking?
A
Range of leg motion, stride length, and base of support
20
Q
What do arms look like in early walking?
A
High guard
21
Q
What do feet look like in early walking?
A
Out toed and spread wide apart
22
Q
What is the opening of the pelvis in early walkers compensated by?
A
Large rotations of hip joint
23
Q
What kind of stepping do early walkers have?
A
Alternate
24
Q
What are the rate limiters of early walking?
A
Strength and balance
25
What do you trade off in proficient walking?
Stability for mobility
26
What is increased and what is reduced in proficient walking?
Stride length and base of support
27
Is the pelvis rotated in proficient walking?
Yes
28
What does the arm swing look like in proficient walking?
Synchronous
29
Is there opposition of arms to legs in proficient walking?
Yes
30
Is there double knee lock in proficient walking?
Yes
31
What is maximized in later walking?
Stability
32
Is the stride length increased or decreased in later walking?
Decreased - shortened
33
Does out toe-ing occur in later walking?
Yes
34
What is reduced at push off in later walking?
Ankle extension
35
What 2 other things are decreased in later walking?
1. Pelvic rotation
| 2. Speed
36
Are objects used as balance aids in later walking?
Yes
37
What 2 things could be done in later walking to promote push off and prevent out toeing?
1. Increasing leg strength
| 2. Improving balance
38
What are 2 rate controllers in later walking?
1. Disuse
| 2. Fear of falls
39
When does running occur?
6-7mo after walking starts
40
What 2 things is running defined as?
1. 50% phasing of legs
| 2. Flight phase followed by single support
41
Does the life span changes in running resemble many of the changes in walking?
Yes
42
What is the tradeoff in early running?
Stability over mobility
43
What kind of behaviours return in early running?
Older behaviours of concepts similar to infant walking
44
Where are the arms in early running?
High guard
45
Is there limited ROM in early running?
Yes
46
What is the stride length like in early running?
Short
47
Is there a lot of flight in early running?
No
48
What is the leg on the recovery swing like in early running?
Stiff
49
How can you characterize running in early years?
1. Short step
| 2. Flat footed
50
What is the tradeoff in proficient running?
Mobility over stability
51
What is the stride length like in proficient running?
Increased
52
What kind of movement is proficient running?
Planar movement
53
What is the base of support like in proficient running?
Narrow
54
Is there trunk rotation and opposition in proficient running?
Yes
55
What is the tradeoff in later running?
Stability and balance over mobility
56
What 4 characteristics tend to decrease in later running?
1. Stride length
2. ROM
3. Number of strides
4. Speed
57
What are the rate controllers in later running?
Balance and strength
58
What is the most beneficial activity to allowing seniors to run for years?
Exercise
59
What is the difference in the muscle system between a new walker and running?
Strength has increased
60
What is the difference in balance between a new walker and running?
More coordination
61
What is the difference in how the body is positioned between a new walker and running?
1. Arms at guard
| 2. Feet placement
62
Does opposition increase from new walking to running?
Yes
63
What is the tradeoff from walking to running?
Mobility over stability
64
What is allowing the body to adapt to changes of the body per the space?
Proprioception
65
What is defined as jumping?
Individual propels self off ground with one or two feet and lands on two feet
66
What is defined as hopping?
Individual propels self off ground with one foot and lands on the same foot
67
What is defined as leaping?
Individual propels self off ground with one foot and extends their flight period to land on the opposite foot
68
When do children begin jumping?
Before age 2
69
What are the 2 kinds of jumps?
1. Vertical
| 2. Horizontal
70
What kind of jumping do you see in early jumpers?
Vertical jumps that are taken off of one foot or are landing on one foot
71
Are there preparatory movements in early jumping?
No
72
What will maximize takeoff force in a proficient jumper?
Prepatory crouch
73
Do both feet leave the ground at the same time in proficient jumpers?
Yes
74
Is there an arm swing in proficient jumpers?
Yes
75
Where is the force directed in vertical jumps?
Force is downward and body is extended
76
Where is the force directed in horizontal jumps?
Force is downward and backwards and knees flex in flight
77
When does hopping begin?
After jumping
78
What does the support leg do in early hopping?
It is lifted rather than used to project
79
Are the arms active in early hopping?
No
80
What does the swing leg do in early hopping?
Held rigidly in front of the body
81
What does the swing leg do in proficient hopping?
It leads the hip and moves through a full ROM
82
What does the support leg do in proficient hopping?
It extends fully at the hip and is flexed upon landing
83
What generates force in proficient hopping?
Oppositional arm movement
84
What are the 2 main rate limiters in jumping and hopping?
1. Incomplete leg extension at takeoff
| 2. Little assistance from arm swing
85
Is force production important in jumping and hopping?
Yes
86
What could force production be linked to in terms of a rate limiter?
Strength
87
What other 2 rate limiters are present in hopping?
1. Balance to land on one foot
| 2. Force absorption to land on the same leg
88
What should be prepared in jumping and hopping?
Leg flexion and coordination
89
What happens when there is a change of constraints in locomotion?
Change of developmental levels
90
What is adaptation in terms of locomotion?
Changing individual constraints with principles of motion and stability
91
What could prevent hopping in older adults?
Rehabilitation
92
What must be decided in children before hopping?
Preferred vs. non preferred legs
93
What kind of takeoff do you get if you do not transfer weight in hopping?
Projected takeoff
94
Where should the weight be in hopping upon takeoff?
On the ball of the foot
95
What will occur if weight is transferred by the swing leg?
Projection delay
96
What is the active bilateral arm action called in hopping?
Bilateral assist and reactive
97
What is one arm opposition?
Semi opposition
98
Do galloping, sliding, and skipping all involve a combo of skills previously attained?
Yes
99
What is defined as a gallop?
Forward step on one foot and leap-step on the other
100
What is defined as a slide?
Sideways step on one foot and leap-step on the other
101
What are galloping and sliding defined as together?
Asymmetrical gaits
102
What is defined as a skip?
A symmetric alternating of step hops on one foot then the other
103
Which is developed first in sliding, galloping, and skipping?
1. Galloping
2. Sliding
3. Skipping
104
Is there a lot fo arm movement in early galloping, sliding, or skipping?
Little to none
105
What is the vertical lift like in early G, S, and Sk?
Exaggeration
106
What is the trunk rotation like in early, G, S, and Sk?
Little to none
107
How long is the stride length in early G, S, and Sk?
Short
108
What are 3 components of the skill patterns in proficient galloping, sliding, and skipping?
1. Knees give upon landing
2. Movements are rhythmic
3. Heel to foot landings
109
Can individuals lead with either leg in G, S, and Sk?
Yes
110
What is the arm swing in proficient skipping?
Oppositional
111
What are the rate controllers in galloping?
1. Coordination
| 2. Differential force production
112
What are the rate controllers in sliding?
Coordination on one side
113
What are the rate controllers in skipping?
1. Coordination
| 2. Performing 2 tasks with 1 leg
114
What is the main rate limiter for all locomotion?
Neuromuscular system development
115
What is the developmental appearance in locomotion?
1. Crawling
2. Creeping
3. Walking
4. Running
5. Jumping
6. Galloping
7. Hopping
8. Sliding
9. Skipping
116
What are 2 patterns of change in locomotor skills?
1. Narrowed base of support for mobility
| 2. Widened base of support for stability
117
Why does everybody walk?
1. Uses the least energy
2. Most efficient
3. Not as complex
4. Socially acceptable
