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Correlation 1 > Earth's Interior > Flashcards

Earth's Interior Flashcards

1
Q

earth’s relatively thin rocky outer skin

A

Crust

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2
Q

How many percentage of Earth’s volume

a. Mantle
b. Core

A

a. 82%

b. 16%

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3
Q

a solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of about 2900km.

A

Mantle

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4
Q

Composition of iron-nickel alloy with minor amounts of oxygen, silicon and sulfur

A

Core

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5
Q

 the strong rigid outer layer consisting of the crust and a portion of the upper mantle

A

Lithosphere

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6
Q

has a temperature/pressure regime that results in a small amount of melting.

A

Asthenosphere

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7
Q

it is the movement of metallic core within this zone that generates Earth’s magnetic field

A

Outer Core

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8
Q

Natural geologic hazard caused by sudden and rapid movement o a large volume of rock

A

Earthquake

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9
Q

the result of rupture and slippage along fractures in Earth’s crust

A

Faults

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10
Q

Origin of an earthquake occurs at depths between 5 and 700 km

A

Focus

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11
Q

Point at the surface directly above the focus.

A

Epicenter

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12
Q

Form of elastic energy that causes vibrations in the material that transmits them.

A

Seismic Waves

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13
Q

produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been deformed by differential stress. Once the strength of rock is exceeded, it suddenly ruptures, causing vibrations

A

Earthquakes

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14
Q

are smaller earthquakes that occur in the same general area during the days to years following a larger event or mainshock

A

Aftershocks

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15
Q

are earthquakes that precede larger earthquakes in the same location

A

Foreshock

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16
Q

Study of earthquake waves

A

Seismology

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17
Q

Instrument that record earthquake waves.

A

Seismograph

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18
Q

Records obtained from seismographs

A

Seismogram

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19
Q

motion is restricted to near Earth’s surface

A

Surface Wave

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20
Q

waves that travel through Earth’s interior.

A

Body Waves

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21
Q

push-pull waves, they push and pull rocks in the direction the wave is travelling.

A

P Wave
or
Primary Wave

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22
Q

“shake” the particles at right angles to their direction of travel.

A

S-wave
or
Secondary Wave

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23
Q

travel about 1.7 times faster than S waves in any solid matter

A

P-wave

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24
Q

is 10 percent slower than S waves

A

Surface Wave

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25
Q

is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic waves recorded on a seismogram.

A

Richter Scale

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26
Q

a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on observed effects

A

Intensity

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27
Q

relies on data gleaned from seismic records to estimate the amount of energy released at an earthquake’s source

A

Magnitude

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28
Q

determines the strain energy released along the entire fault surface

A

Moment magnitude

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29
Q

where unconsolidated materials are saturated with water, earthquake vibrations can turn stable soil into mobile fluid

A

Liquefaction

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30
Q

large undersea earthquakes occasionally set in motion massive waves.

A

Tsunami

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31
Q

segment of an active fault zone that has not experience a major earthquake over a span when most other segments have. Such segments are probable site for future major earthquakes.

A

Seismic Gap

32
Q

A hypothesis suggesting that the continents moved over the Earth’s surface.

A

Continental Drift

33
Q

Evidences of Continental Drift (6)

A
  • Jigsaw fit
  • Distribution of life forms
  • Structural Evidence
  • Glaciers
  • Paleomagnetic evidence
  • Similarity in Sedimentary record
34
Q

a. Fossil remains in the fresh water

b. What landmass/landmasses they is/are found?

A

a. Mesosaurus

b. South America & Africa

35
Q

a. Fossil remains of a Triassic land reptile approx 3 m long

b. What landmass/landmasses they is/are found?

A

a. Cynognathus

b. South America & Africa

36
Q

a. Fossils of the fern found on all southern continents, show that they were all joined
b. What landmass/landmasses they is/are found?

A

a. Glossopteris

b. South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India

37
Q

a. Fossil of the Triassic land reptile

b. What landmass/landmasses they is/are found?

A

a. Lystrosaurus

b. Africa, Antarctica, India,

38
Q

the study of the Earth’s past magnetism as recorded at the time of their formation.

A

Paleomagnetism

39
Q

A compass needle will always point to the Earth’s magnetic North and South poles. If rotated vertically, it will form an angle with the horizontal plane

A

Magnetic Inclination

40
Q

A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth’s surface between the two plates

A

Divergent Plate Boundary

41
Q

A region of active deformation where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere near the end of their life cycle.

A

Converging Plate Boundary

42
Q

where one plate slides horizontally past another plate along a fault or a group of parallel faults

A

Transform Plate boundary

43
Q

is the measurement of ocean depths, sound energy is used to measure water depths

A

Bathymetry

44
Q

the historic three and-a-half-year voyage

A

HMS Voyager

45
Q

the first device that used sound to measure water depth.

A

Echo Sounders

46
Q

The features comprising _______ include the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise. It is consist of continental crust capped with weathered materials eroded from adjacent landmasses.

A

Passive Continental Margin

47
Q

is a gently sloping, submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep-ocean basin

A

Continental Shelf

48
Q

a relatively steep structure that marks the boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust. It averages about 5 degrees and in places exceeds 25 degrees

A

Continental Slope

49
Q

a more gradual incline that may extend seaward for hundreds of kilometers. Consists of a thick accumulation of sediment that has moved down the continental slope and onto deep-ocean floor.

A

Continental Rise

50
Q

Deposited sediments in the flat ocean floor

A

Deep Sea Fan

51
Q

Occur where oceanic lithosphere subducts into the mantle beneath the edge of a continent

A

Active Continental Margin

52
Q

Chaotic accumulation of deformed sediment and scraps of oceanic crust

A

Accretionary Wedge

53
Q

Between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge lies the ___________-

A

Deep Ocean basin

54
Q

are extremely deep linear depressions in the ocean floor

A

Trench

55
Q

measured a portion of one trench in the Mariana trench at 11,022 meters (36,163 feet) below sea level, making it the deepest known part of world ocean

A

Challenge Deep

56
Q

submarine flat areas

A

Abyssal Plain

57
Q

Tall underwater volcanic peaks

A

Seamount

58
Q

Submerged, flat-topped seamounts

A

Guyout
or
Tablemounts

59
Q

Large flood basalt provinces

A

Oceanic Plateau

60
Q

Along well-developed divergent plate boundaries, the seafloor is elevated, forming a broad linear swell called the ____-

A

Oceanic Ridge
or
Mid-Oceanic Ridge

61
Q

Along the axis of some segments of the oceanic ridge system are deep, down faulted structures called ____

A

Rift Valleys

62
Q

occurs along the crests of oceanic ridges where hot mantle rock rises to replace the material that has shifted horizontally.

A

Seafloor Spreading

63
Q

Ophiolite Sequence

Layer 1.
Layer 2
Layer 3
Layer 4

A 
Layer 1: Deep Sea Sediment
Layer 2: Basaltic Pillow Lavas
Layer 3: Sheeted Dike Complex
Layer 4: 
-Gabbro
-Layered Gabbro
64
Q

numerous interconnected dikes having a nearly vertical orientation

A

Sheeted Dike

65
Q

general term that refers to all changes in the original shape, size (volume), or orientation of a rock body

A

Deformation

66
Q

forces that deform rocks

A

Stress

67
Q

fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place

A

Fault

68
Q

fractures along which no appreciable displacement has occurred.

A

Joint

69
Q

bent layer or series of layers that were originally horizontal and subsequently deformed

A

Fold

70
Q

processes that collectively result in the formation of mountains 

A

Orogenesis

71
Q

formed y convergence of two oceanic plate

A

Volcanic Island Arc

72
Q

subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continental bloc

A

Andean-type Margin

73
Q

any crustal fragment that has a geologic history distinct from that of the adjoining ones

A

terrane

74
Q
  • Mountain formed by displacement of rock along a fault

- Form in response to broad uplifting, which causes elongation and faulting

A

Fault Block Mountains

75
Q

concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance

A

isostasy

76
Q

process of establishing a new level of gravitational equilibrium

A

Isostatic Adjustment

77
Q

gradual subsidence of mountains caused by lateral spreading of weak material located deep within these structures

A

Gravitational Collapse

Correlation 1 (17 decks)

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