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earth science test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the water budget?

A

the water budget is a monthly account of what happens to water in a specific area over a year. - similar to a bank account with income and expenses

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2
Q

What is the ‘income’ of the water budget?

A

precipitation

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3
Q

what is the ‘expense’ of the water budget?

A

Potential Evapotranspiration

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4
Q

What is pontentiol evapotranspiration?

A

it is the amount of water that can pontentially evaporate

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5
Q

what is the primary source of Ep and what does this then mean about the relationship between Ep and temperature?

A

the primary source of Ep is the sun and this means that the warmer the temperature the higher Ep.

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6
Q

when does a water surplus occur?

A

when ground storage is full and it contunies to precipitate

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7
Q

what does a water surplus creat?

A

humid climates

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8
Q

when does a water deficit occur.

A

occurs when ground storage is empty and it does not precipitate

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9
Q

what does a water deficit create?

A

dry climate

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10
Q

What is a climate

A

a region’s weather conditions over a long period of time

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11
Q

what are the two main aspects of climate?

A

temp and moisture

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12
Q

what are the things that affect climate?

A

Latitude
Large bodies of water
Altitude
Mountain ranges
Ocean currents
Prevailing winds
vegetation

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13
Q

What is the biggest factor that affects climate?

A

Latitude

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14
Q

What areas on earth are warm and cold

A

areas near the equator and areas near the poles are cold

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15
Q

What is the relation ship between increasing distance from the equator and annual temperature?

A

As distance from equator increases the annuals temperature ranges widens

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16
Q

describe climate at coastal areas.

A

The climate is milder than inland areas and have cooler summers whiel winters are warmer

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17
Q

what does water do for climate? what deos itcause?

A

water will moderate climate causing inland areas to have wider annual temperature range than coastal areas

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18
Q

What is the relationship between altitude, temp and precipitation? what is one real world example of this relationship in action

A

as altitude increase, temperature decreases and precipitation increases. This can be seen through mountain peaks where at its high altitude above sea level it is very cool and snowfall i common due to precipitation increase

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19
Q

What do moutain ranges cause in climate.

A

They cause one side (the windward side) to be cooler and moist due to forcing sea winds to RECC and make precipitation while on the other side (leeward side) that air starts to cool, sink and warm making a climate that warm and has dry air

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20
Q

decribe the different side of a mountain in simple terms

A

Leeward side is hot and dry while windward side is cool and moist.

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21
Q

what is made on mountain peaks cause by the climbing sea winds?

A

Orographic clouds

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22
Q

How do ocean currents affect climate?

A

Warm currents bring warm air to areas and cool current bring cool air to an are

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23
Q

how do prevailing winds affect climate?

A

prevailing winds bring the moisture and temperature charecterisitcs of a region

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24
Q

How does vegetation affect climate?

A

vegetation like tress tend to moderate climate

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25
Q

What does deforestation cause?

A

hotter and drier climates due to less trees meaning less vegetation to moderate climate

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26
Q

What is a warm period

A

long term increase in global temperature resulting in melting of ice caps and glaciers also increase sea levels

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27
Q

what is an ice age?

A

long term decrease in global temperature causing glaciers to spread far south as long isalnd

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28
Q

What is El nino

A

A mass of warm surface water moving west to east across the equitorial pacific ocean

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29
Q

when does el nino occur?

A

ever 3 - 8 years

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30
Q

what doe el nino result in

A

worlid wide climate change including floods, droughts and heat waves

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31
Q

What is the normal situation world wide

A

low pressure over Asia
high pressure over south America causing winds to blow east to west (high to low) upwelling near south America

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32
Q

What is the situation caused by el ninon years over pacific ocean?

A

The pressure cchanges where there is now high pressure over Asia and low pressure over South America causing winds to weaken or actually blow west to east - stops upwelling back along the equitorial pacific due to warm surface waters sloshing

33
Q

How long does el nino usually last?

A

1 years

34
Q

Do scientist know why el nino happens?

A

no

35
Q

Why is el nino call el nino?

A

el nino warm water arrives in south america around christmas explaining el nino (christ child)

36
Q

effects of el nino:

A

upwelling along peru reduced
fisheries decline
warm water with few nutrients rise

increased precipitation over south america and western souther u.s
which can result in severe flooding

droughts in australia/indonesia/philipines can result in crop damage

37
Q

what is global warming?

A

worldwide temperature increase over the past 150 years due to both human activities and astronomical events

38
Q

what probably started global warming?

A

scientists believe that industrialization of the 1850s started a negative human impact on global warming.

39
Q

What is the relationship between size of particles and porosity?

A

Size of particles does not affect porosity.

40
Q

fine sands=
Course sands=

A

fine sands = small
Course sand = large

41
Q

what is the relationship between infiltration
time and particle size

A

as particle size increases infiltration time decreases

42
Q

what is the difference between rate and time when talking about infiltration?

A

Large particles, RATE IS HIGH AND TIMES ARE LOW

43
Q

how much of the earth is covered by water?

A

71%

44
Q

what perceent of water is drinkable

A

3%

45
Q

what percent of earth water is frozen

A

77%

46
Q

what percent of earth water is from the ground

A

22%

47
Q

What percent of water is from lakes and rivers?

A

1%

48
Q

What is the hydrologic cycle-

A

A model used to show the movement and phase
changes of water between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere

49
Q

What is the water cycle fueled by and what does that cause.

A

The water cycle is fueled by energy from the sun which causes phase changes, and by gravity which pulls water down to earth

50
Q

what is the stage of the water cycle when water evaporates from vegitation?

A

transpiration

51
Q

what is the stage of the water cycle when left over water froms into streams that lead to ocean?

A

runoff

52
Q

What is the stage of the water cycle when water seeps into the ground?

A

infiltration

53
Q

define water retention

A

water that is held onto and stored on land as ice or snow and as a liquid in plants or trees.

54
Q

Define infiltration

A

When precipitation seeps into the upper part of earths lithosphere under the influence of gravity.

55
Q

Define runoff

A

When precipitation flows over the earths surface

56
Q

define evapotranspiration

A

the combination of evaporation and transpiration

57
Q

define premeability

A

the ability of a material to allow water to pass through it

58
Q

what happens when precipitation falls on land?

A
  1. water retention
    2.infiltration
  2. runoff
  3. evapotranspiration
  4. permeability
    6.capillarity
    7.Vegetation
    8.Land use
59
Q

when does permeability increase?

A

when there are more loosely packed and larger particles

60
Q

Define capillarity

A

the attractive force between water molecules and their surroundings that stops infiltration

61
Q

When does does infiltration rate decrease?

A

When there are smaller particles and smaller pore spaces have great capillarity

62
Q

What does capillary action cause?

A

causes water to move up against the force of gravity

63
Q

define Vegetation in relation the the cycle.

A

the amount and type of grasses and trees affect the infiltration rate

64
Q

Define Land usage affect on the cycle

A

roads, parking lots, and buildings make land less permeable

65
Q

What kind of settlements cause more runoff than vegetated areas?

A

cities

66
Q

What increases surface runofff on land?

A

When the rate of precipitation is greater than the infiltration rate

When the pore space of the ground is already saturate(the ground is already filled to capacity)

when the slope of the land is too great to allow infiltration

67
Q

where does runoff go to?

A

most runoff find its way into streams which lead to ocean

68
Q

What happens when there is greater runoff?

A

stream discharge(how fast the stream is flwoing) increases

69
Q

When does flooding occur

A

when the precipitation rate is greater than the infiltration rate

70
Q

Why might it be beneficial to plant trees and create gardens near urban areas

A

there will be lass flooding in grass with normaly a lot of run off due to this vegetation allowing more infiltration.

71
Q

What is the relationship between premeability and degree of sorting and what does this mean

A

As degree of sorting increases permeability also increases, this means that the more sorting the easier it is for water to pass through material

72
Q

What is the relationship between porosity and packing and what does this mean?

A

As packing increases porosity decreases which means that when the particles are closer together there is less pour space between the particles.

73
Q

What is the relationship between infiltration and degree of roundness and what does this mean?

A

as degree of roundness increases so does infiltration and this means that water travels between round particles easier.

74
Q

What is the relationship between water retention and particle size and what does this mean?

A

as particle size increases water retentions decreases which means that smaller particles can hold water easier than the bigger spored particles.

75
Q

What is the relationship between particle size and capillarity and what does thsi mean.

A

As particle size increases the capillarity decreases which means the water can move up smaller spaces easier than larger spaces.

76
Q

What is the relationship between infiltration and particle size and what does this mean?

A

as particle size increases so does infiltration which means that water does not move through smaller spaces very easily

77
Q

what is the relationship between porosity and particle size and what does this mean?

A

particle size does not affect porosity meaning that in sorted ground, size does not affect porosity

78
Q

What is the rlationship between porosity and degree of sorting and what does this mean?

A

as degree of sorting increases so does porosity which means when particles are mixed, small particles fill in the space of big particles causing their to be less porosity

79
Q

what is the relationship between permeability and infiltration? and what does this mean?

A

as permeability increases so does infiltration which means if something allows water to pass through it easily then infiltraion will also occur easily.

earth science (21 decks)

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