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earth science > rocks > Flashcards

rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals def

A

naturally occuring inoganic solid with a specific composition and crystal structure

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2
Q

what does naturally occuring mean?

A

NOT HUMAN MADE

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3
Q

what is an inorganic solid?

A

made from non-living materials

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4
Q

what does specific composition mean?

A

made from various elements such as oxygen, silicon etc

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5
Q

What are all minerals composed of?

A

one or more elements

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6
Q

What does it mean to have distinct crystal structure?

A
  1. the mineral shape is determined by how the atoms are arranged
  2. the minerals atoms are arranged in a specific pattern that repats itself over and over
  3. the longer the mineral cools and hardens the larger the crystals become
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7
Q

what shape do the atoms make in all minerals?

A

a tetrahedron

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8
Q

a mineral has its specific properties because of what?

A

because of the internal arrangement of its atoms

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9
Q

What is responsible for a crystal structure’s chemical and physical properties?

A

the arrangment of the mineral’s atoms

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10
Q

All minerals are rocks but…

A

not all rocks are minerals

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11
Q

What are the most abundant elements that make up the earth’s crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

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12
Q

how are minerals identified?

A

using:
1.color
2.hardeness
3.luster
4. streak
5. breakage
6.specific gravity
7. fracture

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13
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using color?

A

by observing the actual color of the mineral

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14
Q

why is using color not a great way to indentify a mineral?

A

because some minerals have the same color (gold and pyrite)

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15
Q

how does someone indentify a mineral based on hardness?

A

by finding the minerals hardness relative to other known objects

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16
Q

what scale is used to measure hardness of minerals?

A

Moh’s hardness scale

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17
Q

How does someone identify a mineral using streak?

A

by observing the color left on a streak plate when the mineral is rubbed on it.

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18
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using luster

A

by observing if the mineral is metallic (shiny like a metal) or non metallic (not shiny)

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19
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using breakag

A

by observing if it has cleavage (flat breakage)

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20
Q

how does someone identify a mineral using fracture?

A

by observing if the mineral has an uneven breakage

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21
Q

How does someone identify a mineral based on specific gravity?

A

by finding the density if a mineral

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22
Q

define specific properties

A

some minerals have specific porperties that help identification

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23
Q

Examples of specific properties

A
  1. double refraction - splits light to show a double image
  2. acid soluble - dissolves in acid
  3. magnetic - able to attract metal by magnetism
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24
Q

When does igneous rock form?

A

form when molten magma or lava cools and hardens

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25
Q

define lava

A

MAGMA THAT COOLS ABOVE GOUND

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26
Q

Describe volcanic rocks

A

they are extrusive
they form above the surface
they cool quickly they have small crystals

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27
Q

define extrusive

A

LEFT GROUND

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28
Q

examples of volcanic rock

A

basalt, prumice, rhyolite and obsidian

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29
Q

Define magmA

A

LIQUID ROCK BELOW EARTHS CRUST

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30
Q

Describe plutonic rocks

A

They are intrusive
form below surface
they cool slowly
they have large crystals

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31
Q

How are most igneous rocks produced?

A

they are produced from a type of solidifcation called crystalization

32
Q

what does solidifcation mean?

A

turn solid

33
Q

What is crystalization the result of?

A

magma or lava cooling, forming a solid composed of intergrown mineral crystals

34
Q

how do intergrown crystals fit in igneous rock?

A

they fit together in igneous rock like a jigsaw puzzle

35
Q

What are the ways to identify igneous rock?

A

through texture and color

36
Q

what does texture do for mineral crystals

A

texture defines the appearance of mineral crystals NOTHOW THEY FEEL

37
Q

Describe coarse grained igneous rock

A

slow cooling results in large crystals that are visible to the eye

38
Q

Describe classy igneous rock

A

very rapidly cooling causes rocks to have glassy texture. No mineral vrystal present

38
Q

Describe Fine Grained igneous rock

A

faster cooling results in smaller crystals that are only visible under a microscope

39
Q

Describe felsic rocks and mafic rocks

A

Felsic:
light colored
contain feldspar and silicon
low density
example:
granite

Mafic rocks:
dark colored
high density
contain magnesium and iron
form in the ocean
example:
Basalt

40
Q

What is one unique texture?

A

vesicular

41
Q

How are vesicular rocks made?

A

Explosive volcanoses release a lot of gas creating vesicular rocks

42
Q

Define vesicular rocks

A

rocks that contain holes created by gasses trapped in lava

43
Q

Define rock

A

rock isa naturally formed solid

44
Q

what 3 categories are rocks put into?

A

Sedimetery rock, igneous rock, metaphoric rock

45
Q

What are rocks categorized by?

A

texture
composistion

46
Q

what is texture -

A

size and shape

47
Q

what is composition -

A

minerals presents

48
Q

how do sedimentary rocks form?

A

when sediment (pieces of weathered rock) is compressed (compacted) and cemented together

49
Q

most sedimentary rocks form under large bodies of water, describe how they are deposited.

A

they are deposited in horizontal layers

50
Q

how do clastic sedimentary rocks form?

A
  1. weathering and erosion
  2. deposition
    3.compaction
    4.cementation
    5.uplift
51
Q

What is weathering and erosion?

A

breaking of pre exisiting rocks into sediment by wind or water

52
Q

what is deposition

A

Process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.

53
Q

what is compaction

A

Process that presssed sediment together due to the weight of the sediment above it

54
Q

What is cementation

A

Process in which dissolved minerals fill the spaces between sediment and then harden

55
Q

What is uplift and leveling

A

forces expose the rock layers to the surface.

56
Q

define clastic-

A

fragmented / in pieces

57
Q

how do chemical dissolved sedimentary rocks form?

A
  1. minerals
    dissolve in water
  2. water begins to evaporate
  3. crystals precipitate to the bottom and solidify into rock
58
Q

how are sedimenterary rocks classified?

A

sedimentary rocks are classified by the type of sediment that make up the rocks

59
Q

Classification of sedimentary rock:

A

Conglomerate
Bioclastic
Chemical

60
Q

define bioclastic classification

A

sedimentary rocks made from broken pieces of shells or fossils

61
Q

define chemical classification

A

sedimentary rocks that form from evaporation of a solution leaving crystals behind. They are also called crystalline rocks

62
Q

what ar emetamorphic rocks?

A

new rocks formed from igneous sedimentary and or other metamorphic rocks that have been changed due to high pressure and high heat

63
Q

what does metamorphisim means?

A

to change

64
Q

describe the features on metamorphic rocks

A

distorted

65
Q

what happens with metamorphic rock?

A

minerals have been recrystillizationed not melted

66
Q

what is the parent rock

A

the rock before metamorphism

67
Q

what are the two types of metamorphic texture?

A

foliated
non folitaed

68
Q

what are the two categories of foliated and what do they mean

A

mineral allignment:
following heat and pressure the rocks minerals realign in lines

Banding:
Occurs after extreme heat and presure is applied causing very distinct mineral lines

69
Q

define foliated:

A

allignment of mineral crystals

70
Q

define non foliated:

A

these rocks have a lack of layering

71
Q

What is contact metamorphism?

A

when rocks come in contact with magma the extreme heat changes the rock.

72
Q

what happens when rock is beeing dealt with little or no pressure

A

the new rock lacks follium

73
Q

what is regional metamorphism?

A

rocks are changed from increased pressure and heat during plate collision (the pressure results in metamorphic rock that is folded.)

74
Q
A

earth science (21 decks)

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