Eastern and Western Concept of the Self

Question 1

Who reported that people are shaped by their culture, and their culture is also shaped by them?

Answer 1

Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, and Nisbett (1988)

Question 2

Who is the major proponent of cultural psychology?

Answer 2

Richard Shweder

Question 3

Who saw humans as the bearers of irreplaceable values?

Answer 3

The Ancient Greek Philosophers

Question 4

He was a philosopher and saint who believed that the body constitutes individuality.

Answer 4

Thomas Aquinas

Question 5

He outlined four categories on how the term “self” is used in contemporary Western discussion.

Answer 5

Frank Johnson

Question 6

Enumerate all the 4 categories of self in western contemporary discussion

Answer 6

Analytical
Monotheistic
Individualistic
Materialistic/Rationalistic

Question 7

This refers to the tendency to see reality as an aggregate of parts

Answer 7

Analytic

Question 8

This involves the tendency toward unitary explanations of phenomena, and a closed-system view of self. It is modeled after a unitary, omnipotent power

Answer 8

Monotheism

Question 9

This is a quality of western thinking where self-expression and self-actualization are important

Answer 9

Individualism

Question 10

This tends to discredit explanations that do not use analytic-deductive modes of thinking

Answer 10

Materialistic/Rationalistic western thinking

Question 11

These are the earliest religious writings in the East

Answer 11

Vedas

Question 12

What did the earliest religious writing form?

Answer 12

the Hindu Philosophy and dharma

Question 13

This is also referred to as the principle of cosmic order

Answer 13

Dharma

Question 14

This refers to the divine universal consciousness encompassing the universe

Answer 14

Brahman

Question 15

This religion is composed of the teachings of the Buddha

Answer 15

Buddhism

Question 16

In this tradition, the self is not an entity, a substance, or essence. Rather it is a dynamic process.

Answer 16

Buddhist Traditions

Question 17

This is the doctrine that is defined as “no self or no soul”. And it is a concept that the sense of being a permanent, autonomous self is an illusion.

Answer 17

Anatta

Question 18

This philosophy highlights the quest for the self in terms of substance, of spirit, of body, or of essence does not exist.

Answer 18

Confucianism

Question 19

This philosophy presented the idea that every person is born with Four beginnings

Answer 19

Confucian Philosophy

Question 20

Enumerate the 4 beginnings

Answer 20

Jen
Yi
Li
Chih

Question 21

This beginning means good will, sympathy, politeness, and generosity. It is the heart of compassion

Answer 21

Jen

Question 22

This beginning means rightness and respect of duty. It is the heart of righteousness.

Answer 22

Yi

Question 23

This beginning means having the right to practice propriety (doing what is right) in all that you do. It is the heart of propriety

Answer 23

Li

Question 24

This beginning is expressed by putting all the others into practice. It is the heart of wisdom

Answer 24

Chih

Question 25

In the Confucian perspective, it is an achieved state of moral excellence rather than a given human condition

Answer 25

Personality

Question 26

This philosophy rejects a hierarchal view of the self, society, or the cosmos. It regards the self as an extension of the cosmos.

Answer 26

Taoism

Question 27

He is regarded as a mystic of unmatched brilliance in China. His concept of selfhood entails conscious self-transformation.

Answer 27

Chuang-tzu

Question 28

This is the Arabic word of Self, which is written in the Holy Qur’an. It pertains to the psyche.

Answer 28

Nafs

Question 29

In this tradition, the self is used in both the individualistic, and collective sense

Answer 29

Islamic Tradition