EBM

Question 1

preferred measure of central tendency for continous data with symmetric distributions

Answer 1

mean

Question 2

sensitive to extreme values and biased based on the presence of outliers

Answer 2

mean

Question 3

preferred measure of central tendency for skewed distributions or distributions with outliers

Answer 3

median

Question 4

measures of variability

2

Answer 4

• standard deviation
• variance

Question 5

• difference between highest and lowest measurements
• sensitive to extreme observations

Answer 5

range

Question 6

best representation of variation when data points are clustered around and dispersed from the mean

Answer 6

standard deviation

Question 7

measures of central tendency

3

Answer 7

mean
median
mode

Question 8

• utilized when researchers are trying to develop theory which necessitates taking an inductive approach
• participants are purposively selected and have a variety of lived experiences

Answer 8

grounded theory

Question 9

used when examining a single phenomenon

Answer 9

phenomenology

Question 10

involves making inferences

Answer 10

deductive reasoning

Question 11

gets into the details of how language is beings used

Answer 11

discourse analysis

Question 12

embedding oneself in the setting and observing behavior

Answer 12

ethnography

Question 13

used to compare the means between two groups

Answer 13

t-test

Question 14

used to test for differences in proportions between 2 groups

Answer 14

chi-square test

Question 15

compares means of a continous variable between two or more groups

Answer 15

ANOVA

Question 16

most appropriate method for determining efficacy when analyzing RCTs

Answer 16

ITT

Question 17

includes every subject who was randomized ignoring non-compliance, protocol deviations, withdrawal, etc.

Answer 17

ITT

Question 18

approach that actually measures the beneficial effects of treatent in patients who complete treatment

Answer 18

per-protocol analysis

Question 19

when a small degree of non-compliance is observed, the analytic sets for the ITT and per-protocol analysis

Answer 19

contain nearly the same subjects, resulting in minimal differences between the two

Question 20

case-control study use […] ratio

Answer 20

odds

Question 21

cohort or RCTs use […] ratio

Answer 21

hazard

Question 22

confidence interval below 1 indicates

Answer 22

data are consistent with a statistically significant protective effect

Question 23

observational study with forward directionality

Answer 23

cohort

Question 24

useful to study diseases with a long latency period

Answer 24

case-control

Question 25

occurs when a third factor affects the magnitude of the relationship between the exposure and disease

Answer 25

effect modification

Question 26

occurs when investigator inadvertently conveys their expectations to the subject, who then produces the expected result

Answer 26

Pygmallion effect

Question 27

patients with severe disease are less likely to be studied because they are more likely to succumb to the disease before being studied

Answer 27

late look bias

Question 28

best way to control confounding in a non-observational study

Answer 28

randomization

Question 29

occurs when a third factor is either positively or negatively associated with both the exposure and outcome of interest

Answer 29

confounding

Question 30

occurs when observer is aware of what exposure group the study subject has been assigned to

Answer 30

observer bias

Question 31

occurs with earlier detection of a disorder which makes the prognosis seems better when in reality the disease was merely detected earlier

Answer 31

lead time bias

Question 32

occurs when selected subjects are not representative of the population to be studied

Answer 32

selection bias

Question 33

systematic bias in regard to classifying subjects

Answer 33

measurement bias

Question 34

ability to use results from one study to draw conclusions about populations different than that used in the study

Answer 34

generalizability

Question 35

occur when a study is conducted in very specific population and an attempt is made to apply findings beyond the represented population

Answer 35

problems with generalizability

Question 36

the stricter the inclusion/exclusion criteria the less...

Answer 36

generalizable

Question 37

can serve to improve the generalizability of specific study findings

Answer 37

meta-analysis

Question 38

what measure of central tendency is least effected by outliers?

Answer 38

mode

Question 39

stating there is an effect or difference when none exists

Answer 39

type I error

Question 40

stating there is not an effect or difference when one exists

Answer 40

type II error

Question 41

in order to minimize outcome switching and p-hacking..

Answer 41

only outcomes that are known or predicted to be associated with the patient's response to treatment should be collected

Question 42

small sample size with just enough data to answer a limited question

Answer 42

QI project

Question 43

large samples of data with additional data that may be analyzed later if needed

Answer 43

research

Question 44

large data sets of all available data related to patient outcomes

Answer 44

accountability

Question 45

focused on improving care for patients

Answer 45

QI projects

Question 46

compares outcomes of different groups of patients or healthcare systems

Answer 46

accountability

Question 47

focused on gaining new knowledge

Answer 47

research

Question 48

seeks to eliminate bias

Answer 48

research

Question 49

adjusts for bias

Answer 49

accountability

Question 50

accepts bias as inherent to the process

Answer 50

QI

Question 51

alway inherent to the process or system being studied

Answer 51

common cause variation

Question 52

non-random results in an unpredictable system

Answer 52

special cause variation

Question 53

due to irregular or unnatural causes

Answer 53

special cause variation

Question 54

* random * results in predictable system * affects all outcomes in the process

Answer 54

common cause variation

Question 55

the same [...] value can reflect different distribution of data

Answer 55

mean

Question 56

midpoint value within the distribution of data

Answer 56

median

Question 57

may not shift with different distributions of data and is not necessarily affected by sample size

Answer 57

mean

Question 58

* organized around the median * simple bar graph * doesn't use statistical measures

Answer 58

run chart

Question 59

* organized around the mean * used control limits (3 stan. dev from mean)

Answer 59

process control chart

Question 60

three standard deviations from the mean or greater

Answer 60

special cause variant

Question 61

lie within 3 standard deviations above or below the mean

Answer 61

common cause variants