ECG abnormalitys

Question 1

What are the causes of bradycardia

Answer 1

The conduction blocks
Reduced autonomality

Question 2

What is reduced autonomality

Answer 2

Low metabolic rate (hypothermia or hypothyroidism)
The endurance runners
The increased vagal tone - parasympathetic (so the vasodilation)

Question 3

What are the forms of conduction (heart) blocks

Answer 3

1st:the elongation of the PR interval
2nd: mobitz 1 - the elongation of the PR interval each beat, this would happenuntil there would be no QRS
Mobitz 2 - no elongated PR but would just have the loss of the QRS
3rd: the beats of the ventricles and the atria would not match,they would each be conducting a different rhythm

Question 4

How do you measure a normal heart rate

Answer 4

300/n
N being the number of boxes between the next beat

Question 5

How do you measure a irregular heart rate

Answer 5

The number of beats in the 10s time frame (either the p or the r waves)
Then X6

Question 6

What is the length and the height of a big box in the ECG

Answer 6

Length: 0.25 seconds
Height: 0.5 volts

Question 7

What are the reasons for tachycardia

Answer 7

Increased autonomality
Triggered activity
Re-entered currents

Question 8

What is the cause of the increased autonomality

Answer 8

Sympathetic overstimulation
High metabolic rate
Anxiety or stress

Question 9

What is the re-entered currents

Answer 9

When would have the scar tissue within the atria, this would be able to conduct some of the impulse
The impulse would then be carried here and would go round in a Circle, so would have the increased stimulation

Question 10

What is involved in the triggered activity

Answer 10

The EAD (early after depolarisation)
The DAD (delayed after depolarisation)

Question 11

What is E.A.D

Answer 11

Current would continue from the phase 2 and 3
When the Na+ channels would not be ready
Ventricles would not contact properly
Normally caused by Drugs

Question 12

What is D.A.D

Answer 12

Would occur at phase 4 of depolarisation
Ca+ channels would not be ready
Ventricles would not pump well
Normally caused by the ischemia

Question 13

How many small boxes should a P wave be

Answer 13

3 small boxes

Question 14

How many boxes would the PR interval be

Answer 14

3-5 small boxes

Question 15

What should the QRS complex look like

Answer 15

Should be upright
Less the 3 small boxes

Question 16

What should the T-wave look like

Answer 16

Upright and not inverted
Should be half the size of the QRS complex

Question 17

What does the QT segment look like and what does it show

Answer 17

Should be 9-11 boxes
Would show the depolarisation and repolarisation

Question 18

What should the ST segment look like

Answer 18

Should be a straight line

Question 19

What is atrial fibrillation

Answer 19

The irregularly irregular rhythms
Would have the many P waves
Would look like f-waves

Question 20

What is the main issue with the atrial fibrillation

Answer 20

The formation of the clot in the heart from the pooling of the blood
This would then lead to thrombosis and the scar tissue forming
Clots can form in the brain

Question 21

What is an eptoic heart beat

Answer 21

Would have the large ventricle beat and depolarisation
So would have the large repolarisation
Would feel as if miss a beat

Question 22

What is is monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

Answer 22

The QRS complexes would be wide and slow
Would lose the other waves

Question 23

What is polymorphic ventricle tachycardia

Answer 23

The messed up ventricle contractions
Would not be pumping enough blood
AKA tosades depointes

Question 24

What would happen in ventricular tachycardia

Answer 24

Would have the heart failure
The ventricles would not be pumping blood out the body

Question 25

What would happen to the heart rate with the VTs

Answer 25

Low
Still not pumping enough blood out the heart, so the HR can’t increase

Question 26

What causes the myocardial infarction

Answer 26

The plaques in the coronary artery’s
Would go to the heart and could lead to the damage
Would stop oxygen from getting to a certain area
So would have the necrosis and the infarct form

Question 27

What is the subendocardial infarction

Answer 27

When would have plaque effect the ventricles tissue
LEADS TO AN INVERTED T WAVE AND ST DEPRESSION

Question 28

What is a trans mural infarction

Answer 28

When have the whole area effected
THE ST ELEVATION OCCURS and missing T wave
HAVE THE T WAVE INVERSION WHEN HAVE THE INTERVENTION AND REPERFUSION OF THE BLOOD

Question 29

What does hypokalemia do to the ECG

Answer 29

The depression of the ST interval
small or absent T waves
Slow depolarisation and repolarisation

Question 30

What does hyperkalemia do to the ECG

Answer 30

The t wave peak, flat P wave, PR prolonged
Quick repolarisation
The depolarisation would take a long time so would have this area prolonged (due to the inactive Na+ channels)

Question 31

What does myocardial ischaemia normally come with

Answer 31

The hyperkalemia
The graph for them would therefor be similar

Question 32

What can hypokalemia deteriorate to

Answer 32

The polymorphic ventricle tachycardia (torsades de pointes)
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation

Question 33

Why would diabetics get hyperkalemia

Answer 33

Insulin activates the Na+/k+ pump
This would then allow K+ to move into the cells
If not would have the high extracellular K+ levels