Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tp2. Cardiovascular System > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is frank starlings law

A

The increased venous return would increase the contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How would frank starlings law change if there was heart failure

A

Would have the reduced cardiac stretch so would not have the increased contractility
so would have the higher EDV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is acute heart failure

A

Rapid onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main causes of the acute heart failure

A

Pulmonary embolism
Drugs
Arrhythmias
Acute valvopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is chronic heart failure

A

Progressive cardiac dysfunction
This can happen over a long time period
Normally would be die to the systolic or the diastolic issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an ejection fraction

A

Fraction of blood that would be pumped out the heart compared to the volume of blood that would originally enter the heart

EF = SV/EDV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is systolic heart failure

A

HFrEF (heart failure reduced ejection fraction)
Systolic dysfunction
Reduced contractility
MI
Dilated cardiomyopathy
So reduced ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Walls of the heart would be dilated
Could be due to viral infection
Heart cant generate enough pressure
Less blood pumped outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is diastolic heart failure

A

HFpEF (heart failure preserved ejection fraction)
Diastolic dysfunction
Increased stiffness of the ventricle walls
Reduced preload (decreased filling)
Increased afterload (needs to work harder)
MI
Cardiac tamponade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why would the EF be preserved with diastolic

A

The stroke volume would fall (less blood out) the end diastolic volume falls (less blood in to go out)
Ratio preserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in right sided heart failure

A

Reduced contractility (MI)
Increased afterload
Increased preload (pulmonary/tricuspid valve regurgitation)
Can develop FROM the leftsided heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What factors would increase the afterload in right sided heart failure

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary hypertension (From a PE)
Hypoxic vasoconstriction in pulmonary vessels (cor pulmonale)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hypoxic vasoconstriction

A

Perfusion and ventilation decreases
Preserve oxygen vessels vasoconstrict
Lead to pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is low output heat failure

A

Heart cannot meet the cardiac demand of the body
Increased systematic vascular resistance to combat
Weak pulse and low BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is high output heart failure

A

CO > 8L/min
Heart cannot meet the demand of the cardiac function
Also
Increased demand due to the shunting of blood to the venous side (AV fistula, thymine deficiency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is AV fistula

A

Abnormal connection between the artery’s and the veins
Not enough time for the oxygen exchange
Can lead to heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in a thymine deficiency (chronic alcoholism)

A

Pyruvate ———— acetyl COA
Needs thymine
No thymine means no acetyl Co A
Build of lactate
Vasoconstriction
Blood goes from the artery’s to veins
Lack of oxygen transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in left sided heart failure

A

Blood would normally accumulate in the left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the symptoms of left sided heart failure

A

Dry cough
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Orthopnoea (difficulty lying flat fluid accumulation in the lungs and tissues)
Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea (breathlessness that gets worse at night)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the signs of left sided heart failure

A

Bi basal crackles (both lungs on the base)
Tachycardia
Cardiomegaly
3rd and 4th heart sounds (additional due to the stiff and loose heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of right sided heart failure

A

Dyspnea
Chest discomfort
Swelling

22
Q

What are the signs of right sided heart failure

A

Jugular venous distension
Hepatic congestion
Peripheral odema
Ascites
(MAINLY FLUID BUILD UP)

23
Q

What is congestive heat failure

A

The combination of the right and the left sided heart failures

24
Q

What is the N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic peptide level and what does it show

A

Cardiac neurohormone
Made by the ventricle cardiomyocytes when have increased stress in the ventricles walls
Released with BNP (active) when increased pressure
Degradaes slower then BNP so better

25
Q

What does a low level of NT-pro-BNP show

A

A strong negative predictive value
Levels <4000ng/L

26
Q

What does eGFR do

A

Marks kidney function
Low renal perfusion would show a low cardiac output

27
Q

What blood tests can be done to show heart failure

A

FBC and iron (shows anemias)
LFT (hepatic congestion, RSHF)
TFT (shows increased metabolic demand)
HbA1c and lipids (diabetes and hyperlipidemia shown)

28
Q

What is the main investigative measure for the heart failure

A

Echocardiogram (transthoratic echocardiogram)

29
Q

What are the three groups of heart failure

A

HFrEF = LVEF <40%
HFmrEF =LVEF 40-49%
HFpEF = LVEF >/~ 50%

30
Q

How can you classify heart failure

A

Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4

31
Q

What is class 1 heart failure

A

No symptomatic limitations to physical activity

32
Q

What is class 2 heart failure

A

Slight limitations to physical activity. No symptoms at rest

33
Q

What is class 3 heart failure (moderate)

A

Marked limitations to physical activity, no symptoms at rest

34
Q

What is class 4 heart failure (severe)

A

Inability to carry out physical activity without symptoms. May have symptoms at rest

35
Q

What do the ACE Inhibitors do

A

No conversion of Ang 1 to Ang 2
Reduced preload and afterload
Produced bradykinin
RAMIPRIL, LISIONPRIL, ENALAPRIL, CAPTOPRIL

36
Q

What do the beta blockers do

A

Reduces heart rate
Longer time for the ventricles filling
Also increased force of heart contraction
PROPRANOLOL AND ATENOLOL

37
Q

What do the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists do

A

Reduce sodium reabsorption
reduces blood pressure and circulating volume
SPIRONOLACTONE AND EPLERENONE

38
Q

What do the loop diuretics do

A

No effect on heart failure but can help with symptoms
Secretion of water from the kidney, reduces circulating volume and peripheral odema
FUROSEMIDE, BUMETANIDE

39
Q

What are the second line treatments for heart failure

A

Digoxin (no channels working)
Hydralazine (would be able to increase the blood pressure of the system)
Ivabradine (channel blocker that would slow down the heart)
Sacubitril/valsartan

40
Q

What are the device therapy’s

A

Implantable cardiac defibrillator
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy

41
Q

What can be seen on an echocardiogram if the patient has heart failure

A

The heart would occupy more or equal to 50%of the window of view
(This could be because of the cardiomegaly in the LSHF)

42
Q

What would happen to the after load and the preload in right sided heart failure

A

Increased afterload - pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary stenosis, hypoxic vasoconstriction
Increased preload - tricuspid/pulmonary valve regurgitation

43
Q

What would happen to the preload and afterload in the HFpEF (diastolic)

A

Increased after load - cardiac tamponade, restrictive pericarditis
Decreased preload - aortic stenosis, coartication of the aorta
So would have the decrease in the stroke volume and the EDV (as less in)

44
Q

Why would there be pulmonary edema in left sided heart failure

A

The increased venous pulmonary pressure as blood would pool in the left atrium
Backflow would lead to the pulmonary edema

45
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale and when is it likely to happen

A

Respiratory disease
Most likely when have the left sided heart failure (would have the pulmonary oedema and the fluid would build in the lungs)

46
Q

What is the normal EF

A

55-70%

47
Q

What is Cor pulmonale

A

Blocked right bundle branch
This would normally come from left sided heart failure that would go to the right

48
Q

What other factors can lead to Cor pulmonale

A

If right sided heart failure is caused by a respiratory disease

49
Q

What does the stroke volume of the heart normally respond to

A

The preload of the heart
So when would have the effected stroke volume, would normally be an issue with the preload

50
Q

What are the symptoms of the ACE inhibitors

A

Dry cough (excess bradykinin)

Tp2. Cardiovascular System (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions