ECG and pulmonary tests

Question 1

what does prolonged PR interval show

Answer 1

1st degree heart block

Question 2

what does taking a calcium channel blocker do

Answer 2

reduced transmission at AVN > associated with 1st degree heart block

Question 3

in 1st degree heart block is the T wave biphasic

Answer 3

not biphasic

T and P waves are close together (very small gap between T waves)

Question 4

how to work out HR from an ECG

Answer 4

300/ number of big squares between 2 identical points

Question 5

what lead do we look at in an ECG

Answer 5

2

Question 6

elevated ST wave

Answer 6

STEMI

Question 7

no p wave is indicative of

Answer 7

atrial fibrillation

Question 8

what effects does cocaine have on ECG

Answer 8

noradrenaline/adrenaline
activates sympathetic NS
tachycardia

Question 9

what is regular tachycardia called

Answer 9

sinus tachycardia

Question 10

directions of heart for lead 1

Answer 10

9-3

Question 11

directions of the heart for lead 2

Answer 11

11-5

Question 12

directions of the heart for lead 3

Answer 12

1-7

Question 13

how do you work out FVC from that graph (volume time)

Answer 13

the biggest volume = FVC

Question 14

how do you work out FEV1 from the graph

Answer 14

read off volume at 1 seconds

Question 15

to get the ratio including FVC and FEV1 you do

Answer 15

FEV1/FVC

Question 16

how do you work out peak expiratory flow rate (L/min)

Answer 16

measure in smallest possible increment 
for eg in 0.1 s = 1 L volume
to work out 1 sec divide by 0.1 so 1/0.1
then to get 60s x 60 
10 x 60 = 600

Question 17

how to understand flow rate graphs - where is FVC

Answer 17

FVC is like the furthest right hand measurement? idk how to explain it sorry just remember it
x intercept (courtesy of hemanshugh and his big brain)
HIGHEST OBSERVED X VALUE ON EXPIRATORY CURVE

Question 18

how do you get FEV1

Answer 18

FEV1 = usually marked on the graph i think lol

Question 19

how to work out peak expiratory flow rate from flow rate graph

Answer 19

highest point on graph read off y axis

then as it is per second x 60 for L/min

Question 20

what are the major 2 types of respiratory disorders

Answer 20

restrictive disorders

obstructive disorders

Question 21

what do restrictive disorders mean

Answer 21

• extra airway diseases

- disorders that restrict the ability for the lungs to fill

Question 22

what are obstructive disorders

Answer 22

airway diseases
disorders associated with obstructed airflow
narrowing of lumen > more resistant
emphysema removes elastic properties and recoiling

Question 23

does COPD increase lung capacity

Answer 23

yes and also increases residual volume

Question 24

what is the definition for FVC

Answer 24

forced vital capacity (the max amount of air in a single breath - forced exhale)

Question 25

what is the definition of FEV1

Answer 25

forced expired volume in 1 sec - air out in 1st second of expiration

Question 26

what is the protocol for measuring flow rate

Answer 26

1) patient wears nose clip 2) patient inhales steady to TLC 3) patient wraps lips around mouthpiece 4) patient exhales as hard and fast as possible 5) exhalation continues until RV is reached 6) visually inspect performance and volume time curve and repeat if necessary : - inconsistencies with clinical picture - interrupted flow data

Question 27

what is affected by the height of an individual

Answer 27

the height of the plateau | FVC is affected

Question 28

how does the FVC differ in someone with an obstructive disorder

Answer 28

less steep as ability to eject air quickly decreases

Question 29

how does the FVC differ in someone who has a restrictive disorder

Answer 29

steep - ability to eject air as much as possible

Question 30

FEV1/FVC ratio normal

Answer 30

84%

Question 31

FEV1/FVC ratio obstructive

Answer 31

53%

Question 32

FEV1/FVC ratio restrictive

Answer 32

100%

Question 33

reduced FVC and indented exhalation curve shows..

Answer 33

an indent called coving is present in mild obstructive disease

Question 34

reduced FVC, indented exhalation curve and reduced PEFR shows..

Answer 34

severe obstructive disease

Question 35

what does a reduced FVC and narrower curve show

Answer 35

restrictive disease NO COVING PEFR slightly lower

Question 36

blunted inspiratory curve otherwise normal shows

Answer 36

variable extrathoracic obstruction

Question 37

blunted expiratory curve otherwise normal shows

Answer 37

variable intrathoracic obstruction

Question 38

what does a blunted inspiratory and expiratory and otherwise normal flow rate show

Answer 38

fixed airway obstruction