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bioregulatory systems 🦠 > upper GI tract > Flashcards

upper GI tract Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

what is digestion

A

the process of breaking down macromolecules to allow absorption

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2
Q

what is absorption

A

the process of moving nutrients and water across a membrane

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3
Q

what are the 18 components of the GI system

A 
parotid gland
sub mandibular gland
sub lingual gland
oesophagus
liver
gall bladder
stomach
pancreas
duodenum
jejenum 
transverse colon
ileum
descending colon
ascending colon
appendix
sigmoid colon
rectum 
anus
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4
Q

what is mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
muscularis mucosae

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5
Q

what is submucosa

A 
connective tissue (containing nerve plexus)
has blood vessels
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6
Q

what is muscularis

A

smooth muscle containing nerve plexus

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7
Q

what is serosa/adventitia

A

connective tissue +/- epithelium

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8
Q

how many teeth are there in total

A

32

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9
Q

what are the different kinds of teeth

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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10
Q

how many incisors are there

A

8

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11
Q

how many canines are there

A

4

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12
Q

how many premolars are there

A

8

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13
Q

how many molars are there

A

12

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14
Q

what is the masseter muscle

A

largest jaw muscle

responsible for biting

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15
Q

what is temporalis muscle

A

moves jaw up and down

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16
Q

what do several muscles control the position of

A

the mandible

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17
Q

what do the salivary glands contain

A 
lingual lipase (fat digestion)
salivary amylase (carbohydrate digestion)

food mixed with saliva (aq secretion and digestive enzymes)

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18
Q

what do intrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

fine motor control and moving food

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19
Q

what do extrinsic muscles of the tongue do

A

gross movement of tongue (in, out, up and down)

assists with mechanical digestion

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20
Q

how far does the trachea run

A

C5 - T10

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21
Q

where does the oesophagus start

A

cricoid thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

how are parts of the oesophagus measured

A

by how far they are from front teeth

some of the oesophagus is in the abdomen

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23
Q

what is the oesophagus divided into

A

3rds
upper
middle
lower

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24
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus

A

conduit for food, drink and swallowed secretions from pharynx to stomach
peristalsis

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25
what is the structure and function of epithelium
non keratinising wear and tear, lining (can deal with extremes of temp and texture) lubrication - mucous secreting glands (and saliva)
26
what is the function and structure of muscle
tonically active | swallowing centre
27
what separates the upper and lower oesophageal sphincter
the z line
28
what muscle is the upper third made of
skeletal muscle
29
what muscle is the middle third
skeletal and smooth muscle
30
what muscle is found in the lower third of the oesophagus
smooth muscle
31
how many stages of swallowing are there
4 | stage 0, 1, 2, and 3
32
what happens in stage 0 - oral phase
- chewing and saliva prepare bolus (upper and lower sphincter closed) - both oesophageal sphincters are closed
33
what happens in stage 1 - pharyngeal phase
pharyngeal musculature guides food bolus towards oesophagus | both oesophageal sphincters open
34
what happens in stage 2 - upper oesophageal phase
upper sphincter closes superior circular muscle rings contract inferior rings dilate sequential contractions of longitudinal muscle
35
what happens in stage 3 - lower oesophageal phase
lower sphincter closes as food passes through
36
what is reflux prevented by
the diaphragm
37
describe the epithelial transition
lining changes (stomach lined with simple columnar and oesophagus - stratified squamous)
38
what are gastric folds called
rugae | allows element of expansion and aids with digestion
39
what are the functions of the stomach
- breaks food into smaller particles (acid and pepsin) - holds food, releasing it in a controlled steady rate into the duodenum - kill parasites and certain bacteria
40
what is found in cardia and pyloric region
mucus
41
what is found in the body and fundus
mucus | HCL and pepsinogen
42
what do G cells in the antrum produce and what does it invaginate into
gastrin | invaginates into mucosa - tubular glands
43
how much acid is produced daily
2L/day
44
what is the conc of acid produced by the stomach
150 mM H+ | 3 mill x that of in the blood
45
what does mucin do and what does it have trapped inside
provides a gel coating (lubricating) | HCO3- is trapped in mucus gel
46
what is the pH at epithelial surfaces
6-7
47
what is the pH at the lumen
1-2
48
what is peristalsis
``` 20% stomach contractions propels chyme towards colon more powerful as moves from LOS to pyloric sphincter ANS essential autonomic function ```
49
what is segmentation
``` 80% stomach contractions weaker - fluid chyme towards pyloric sphincter - solid chyme pushed back to body - stretching activates enteric NS - activated by stretch receptors located locally in stomach ```
50
what do gastric chief cells do
``` protein secreting epithelial cell secrete pepsinogen abundant RER golgi packaging and modifying for export masses of apical secretion granules ```
51
what do parietal cells contain in their resting state
``` many mitochondria (requires lots of ATP) internal canaliculi (secretory surface - intracellular in resting state) cytoplasmic tubulovesicles (contains H+/K+ ATPase) ```
52
what do parietal cells contain in their secreting phase
microvilli project into canaliculi tubulovesicles fuse with membrane make HCl
53
how do parietal cells make HCl
1) carbon dioxide diffuses into cell 2) combines with carbonic anhydrase 3) mixes with water > hydrogen and bicarb ions 4) sodium potassium pump on basolateral membrane 5) K enters > through channel in apical membrane >canaliculi 6) sodium leaves 7) bicarbonate leaves cell by transporter 8) chloride comes in and goes through own transported in apical membrane and can enter canaliculi 9) ATP process - H+ ion produced goes out across the pump and K+ comes back in exchange 10) H+ and Cl- forms = hydrochloric acid
54
what is pepsinogen
secreted in inactive form acid breaks it down into pepsin - active secreted by gastric chief cells
55
where is gastrin produced
pyloric antrum
56
what does gastrin do
reaches parietal cell via systemic circulation stimulated by distension, small peptides and amino acids, stimulation of vagus nerves acts on receptors on parietal cells stimulates histamine release from chromaffin cells (lamina propria)
57
what are the phases of gastric secretion
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
58
what happens in cephalic phase
thought, sight, smell and tastes of food (conditioned) vagus nerve activated gastrin released and acts on parietal cells and histamine acetylcholine is involved
59
what happens in the gastric phase
food in stomach - stretch and chemoreceptors HCl and pepsinogen chemoreceptors activate secretion of acid (release of gastrin > release of acid)
60
what happens in the intestinal phase
excitatory intestinal phase - protein concentration in duodenum stimulates gastrin secretion local peptides released in duodenum - gastric inhibitory peptide, cholecystokinin, secretin enterogastrones - enterogastric reflex
61
what are some useful drugs to decrease acid secretion
omeprazole ranitidine - H2 receptor = blocked chyme fatty acid content

bioregulatory systems 🦠 (54 decks)

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