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Special Diagnostic Procedures > ECG (until Post exam protocol) > Flashcards

ECG (until Post exam protocol) Flashcards

1
Q

Dr. Luigi Galvani is the ___________________

A

one who first noted that electrical current could be recorded from skeletal muscles or dissected muscles in 1786

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2
Q

Who recorded the first electrogram with a mercucy capillary electrometer?

A

Augustus D. Waller at St. Mary’s Hospital in London in 1887

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3
Q

When was a improved electrometer and correction formula developed?

A

1895

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4
Q

Enumerate Williem Einthoven’s contributions

A
  • Developed improved electrometer and formula developed (labeled the corrected derived deflections PQRS and T
  • first source using the term Elektrokardiogram (EKG)
  • publishes the first electrocardiogram on a string galvanometer
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5
Q

What year was improved electrometer developed?

A

1895

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6
Q

When was first article using EKG used?

A

1900

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7
Q

When was published the first electrocardiogram on a string galvanometer?

A

1902

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8
Q

This measures the hearts’s electrical activity

A

Electrocardiography

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9
Q

What are the CVDs evaluated using ECG/EKG?

A

Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmias)

Myocardial ischemia/infarction

Chamber enlargement

Electrolyte abnormalities

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10
Q

This records electrical signals of the body esp the heart

A

ECG/EKG

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

ECG does induce electricity in measuring signals of the heart

A

FALSE

it does not induce electricity, it only measures the SIGNALS

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

ECG/EKG his is unsafe but effective

A

FALSE

It Quick, safe , common, and painless test can quickly detect for heart problems and monitor heart

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13
Q

What is the electrical impulse or wave seen?

A

Heartbeat = it squeezes pump blood from heart

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14
Q

What is the small electro-patches made of?

A

Silver-Silver Chloride

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15
Q

Where does the electro-patches placed on the patient?

A

Arms, Chest, Legs

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16
Q

What is the condition when there is poor blood flow in the heart muscles that is seen from the heart rhythm?

A

Ischemia

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17
Q

What are examples of electrolytes measured?

A

Sodium, potassium, chloride

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Conditions such as endocarditis, heart attack and cardiac catheterization can be determined through ECG

A

TRUE

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

ECG/EKG is performed before and after treatment of patient

A

TRUE

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20
Q

This is the method of comparing previous and current results

A

Delta Check

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21
Q

What is the most important to be checked in ECG?

A

Different waves (cause to squeeze and pump of heart)

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22
Q

Which chambers produces the P wave?

A

Upper left and right atria

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23
Q

What comes after P wave?

A

Flat line

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24
Q

Which chambers produces QRS Complex?

A

right and left ventricles of the bottom chambers

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25
Q

Which wave represents the electrical recovery or return for resting state of ventricles?

A

T wave

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26
Q

What is the purpose of ECG?

A
  • detects heart’s electrical rhythm and produces TRACING
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27
Q

What is the term defined as consists of representations of several waves that recur w/ each heartbeat?

A

Tracing

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Wave pattern should have consistent shape.

A

TRUE

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29
Q

What is the indication if there is inconsistent or do not appear standards waves?

A

Heart disease

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30
Q

What is the itsura of a tracing?

A

Squiggly line

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31
Q

What is the ECG called when performed before surgery?

A

Pre-operative screening ECG

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32
Q

This is defined as sequence of events taking place in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of next heartbeat?

A

Cardiac Cycle

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33
Q

Which initiates an impulse of a heartbeat?

A

SA Node

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34
Q

This is the event of depolarization, repolarization of the atria and ventricle

A

Electrical Events

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35
Q

This is the contraction or relaxation of atria and ventricles

A

Mechanical events

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36
Q

Define ECG tracing

A

electrodes will be attached or positioned to upper and lower extremities, chest wall because they will act as sensors and will pick up electronic potentials = seen in tracing = assess potential and activity

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37
Q

What is the direction of conduction of impulses of SA node to AV Node?

A

DOWN, LEFT

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38
Q

What is the direction of conduction of impulses of AV Node to bundle branch left and right?

A

DOWN, LEFT

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39
Q

What is the direction of conduction of impulses of left bundle branch to right bundle branch?

A

RIGHT

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40
Q

What is the direction of conduction of impulses of bundle branch to purkinje fiber?

A

DOWN

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41
Q

What is the direction of conduction of impulses of purkinje fibers to base of heart?

A

LEFT

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42
Q

What is the structure called were electrical impulses will go from SA node to AV node?

A

Internodal Tracts

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43
Q

Which internodal tract is responsible for the distribution of impulses to the left atrium?

A

Anterior tract of Bachman

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44
Q

Which internodal tract is responsible to connect the SA and AV node?

A

Middle Tract of Wencjebach

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45
Q

What does posterior tract of thorel responsible for?

A

It distributes impulses to the right atrium to AV node

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46
Q

From the AV node, where will impulses go?

A

Bundle of His/Av bundle

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47
Q

What is the cause of AV nodal delay?

A

happens in bundle of His = caused by small diameter and few gap junction of bundle of his fibers

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48
Q

from the Bundle of His, it will go to the ________________________

A

left (stimulated first) and right bundle branch

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49
Q

Enumerate the flow if electrical impulses

A

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of his -> Left and right bundle branch -> purkinje fibers -> base of heart

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50
Q

this is located in the right atrium near the entrance superior vena cava

A

SA Node

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51
Q

This is considered as the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

52
Q

This initiates all heartbeat and determine heart rate

A

SA Node

53
Q

This is located on the other side of the right atrium near the AV Valve

A

AV node

54
Q

It serves as the electrical gateway to the ventricles. It is called ______________________

A

AV node

55
Q

Why is there a delay in the passage of electrical impulses to the ventricles

A

To ensure that atria have rejected all the blood to the ventricles before it contracts

56
Q

These conduct the impulses toward apex of the heart

A

Bundle of His or AV bundle

57
Q

Which represents P wave?

A

When the atria are full of blood = SA node fires, electrical signals spread throughout atria = cause them to depolarize (atrial depolarization)

58
Q

This represents the time signals travel from SA to AV node

A

PQ segment

59
Q

What is the function of QRS complex?

A

marks the firing of AV node and represents ventricular depolarization

60
Q

Q wave corresponds to ___________________

A

the depolarization of the interventricular septum

61
Q

This is produced by depolarization of the main mass of ventricles (apical depolarization)

A

R wave

62
Q

This represents the last phase of ventricular depolarization at the BASE OF THE HEART (depolarization of base of ventricle)

A

S wave

63
Q

ST segment functions to ____________________

A

reflects the plateau in myocardial action potential

64
Q

This wave represents ventricular repolarization immediately before ventricular relaxation or ventricular diastole and corresponds to phase 3 of repolarization

A

T wave

65
Q

Where are the electrodes attached on the Patient?

A

right arm, Left arm, Left leg, chest

66
Q

Which leg is not included to be attached with electrodes and why?

A

Right leg is not included because we use ground electrode

67
Q

Grounded electrode is responsible for

A

removing other electrical potential aside from other ones from heart remove possible electrical potential

68
Q

How many leads are required?

A

12

69
Q

How many leads are required to check for arrythmia

A

3

70
Q

This is a processor board found on data acquisition system

A

Analogue front end module

71
Q

What does digital ecg data acquisition system do?

A

acquire data from body

72
Q

What are the types of ECG?

A

Resting, exercise/stress, holter monitor

73
Q

Which type of ECG requires 24hrs to monitor Patient’s heart?

A

Holter

74
Q

The holter monitor is used when patient ______________________

A

always complain of palpitations and episodes of syncope

75
Q

Where are cables of electrodes attached to patient during resting ECG tracing?

A

Chest and NOT on extremities

76
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Resting ECG appears normal but complains of chest pain requires exercise/stress ECG tracing

A

TRUE

may be indivative of heart disease (CAD, pulmonary embolism, ischemia)

77
Q

What are the leads of bipolar limb leads?

A

Lead 1 – right arm and left arm (+)
Lead 2 – right arm and left leg (+)
Lead 3 – left arm and left leg (+)

78
Q

This ECG lead is also known as Einthoven’s Triangle

A

Bipolar Limb Leads

79
Q

What is the Einthoven’s equation

A

lead 2 = lead 1 + lead 3

80
Q

What are the leads of Unipolar Limb lead?

A

Lead aVR - towards right arm
Lead aVL - towards left arm
Lead aVF - towards left foot

81
Q

This lead under unipolar limb leads – always present mostly as a negative deflected waves

A

aVR

82
Q

This ECG lead’s landmark is the Angle of Louis at the sternum

A

Chest leads

83
Q

This ECG lead represent and records potential transmitted of the horizontal plane of the heart

A

Chest lead

84
Q

Which position of chest leads is attached at the 4th intercoastal space, left parasternal border?

A

V1

85
Q

Which position of chest leads is attached at the 4th intercoastal space, right parasternal border

A

V2

86
Q

Which position of chest leads is attached between V2 and V4?

A

V3

87
Q

Which position of chest leads is attached at the 5th intercoastal space, left midclavicular line (below nipple)?

A

V4

88
Q

Which position of chest leads is attached at the left anterior axillary line (same level as V4)

A

V5

89
Q

Where is V6 located?

A

same level as V4 and V5 but located at the mid axillary line

90
Q

Where is Lead V4R located?

A

same level as V4 but located on the right

91
Q

Where is Lead V3R located?

A

between V1 and V4R

92
Q

This chest lead responsible for the right side of the heart particularly the right ventricle

A

V1

93
Q

V3 and V4 is responsible for which chambers of the heart?

A

Anterior left ventricle

94
Q

V5 and V6 is responsible for which chambers of the heart?

A

lateral left ventricle

95
Q

V7 and V8 detects abnormality in __________________

A

myocardium of posterior side of heart

96
Q

V7 is located in

A

same level of V5 and V6 but posterior axillary line

97
Q

V8 is located in

A

left mid scapular line of the 5th intercostal space

98
Q

ST segment starts at ___________

A

end of S to the beginning of T

99
Q

This segment represents phase 2 of ventricular repolazrization

A

ST segment

100
Q

This starts at the end of S wave and end of T wave

A

ST interval

101
Q

This measures the whole period of latent repolarization

A

ST interval

102
Q

WHat is U wave?

A

uncommon wave that is believed to be due to the slow repolarization of papillary muscles

103
Q

What phase is the QRS wave represent?

A

Phase 0

104
Q

What phase is the U wave represent?

A

Phase 1

105
Q

Heart rate should be ________beats/minute

A

60-100

106
Q

What is the interval called for P and R wave?

A

PR Interval - 0.12-0.20secs

107
Q

How is ventricular rate can be checked?

A

by the number of small and big squares between 2 R waves

108
Q

This is a neutral/straight line that is the basis for + and - waves

A

Isoelectric line

109
Q

What are the two forms of waves?

A

Positive (P, R, T) and negative (Q and S) waves

110
Q

This is the movement of ions across the cell membrane causes the inside of cell to become + = expects contraction

A

Depolarization

111
Q

This is – movement of ions across the cell membrance causes the inside to become - which causes relaxation

A

Repolarization

112
Q

What is the direction of a depolarization towards + electrode?

A

upward

113
Q

What is the direction of a depolarization away from + electrode?

A

downward

114
Q

What is the direction of a repolarization towards + electrode?

A

downward

115
Q

What is the direction of a repolarization away from + electrode?

A

upward

116
Q

Which muscle is first to depolarize and first to repolarize?

A

Atrial Muscle

117
Q

Which muscle is first to depolarize and last to repolarize?

A

Ventricular muscle

118
Q

How many hours should a patient abstain from smoking and caffeine?

A

6-10hrs before the test

119
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Drinking cold water before the test can cause changes in electrical patterns

A

TRUE

120
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Fasting is required before the test

A

FALSE

121
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All clothing must be not worn to not interfere with the test

A

FALSE

122
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Jewelry should be removed to not interfere with test

A

TRUE

123
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All patients must NOT take medications before the test

A

FALSE

124
Q

How long does ECG testing lasts?

A

10mins (usually)

125
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Special after care is required to follow

A

FALSE

126
Q

What are the information included in the reading of ECG?

A

Name, age, date, standardization

127
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

If patient develops rashes after ECG, this is a serious effect and should seek medical attention IMMEDIATELY

A

FALSE

Special Diagnostic Procedures (10 decks)

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