ECONOMIC ACTIVITY + ENERGY

Question 1

Define: the PRIMARY sector

Answer 1

Economic activities concerned with the working of natural resources
EX: agriculture, fishing, mining, quarrying, lumberjacks

Question 2

DEFINE: the SECONDARY sector

Answer 2

Economic activities concerned with making goods

EX: car manufacturing, building, energy production

Question 3

DEFINE: the TERTIARY sector

Answer 3

Economic activities concerned with providing services and enabling goods to be traded
EX: doctors, teachers, hairdressers, retail, market seller

Question 4

DEFINE: the QUATERNARY sector

Answer 4

Economic activities concerned with knowledge that leads to provide highly-skilled services
EX: research + development, scientific research, universities, IT + computer science

Question 5

CLARK FISHER MODEL:

Answer 5

PRE-INDUSTRIAL: (<1750)
-PRIMARY sector is leading by far with around 70% of total employment
-barely any tertiary/secondary employed (tailors/blacksmiths)

INDUSTRIAL (1750-1970):
-MECHANISATION + INDUSTRIALIZATION of farming (e.g combine harvesters) reduces the need for labour in primary sectors
-agriculture moves away from SUBSISTENCE farming
-releases more labour for other sectors
-secondary sector is emerging + offers higher wages + peaks here above primary sector
-“brain drain” as the young and skilled move towards secondary jobs for higher wages

POST-INDUSTRIAL ( post-1970’s)
-higher wages and economic growth from manufacturing creates more DISPOSBALE INCOME
-more have money to spend on services
-increased need for service employment
-growth in the tertiary sector, now the largest sector

QUATERNARY sector is also introduced here, where developed countries invest funding into the “knowledge” sector, in order to stay ahead and continue to develop in their research, technology, higher education and knowledge

POST-INDUSTRIAL

Question 6

General factors influencing the location of economic activity

Answer 6

1) employees
2) customers
3) supplies
4) price of land
5) transport
6) infrastructure

Question 7

Factors influencing the location of PRIMARY sector activity (8)

Answer 7

1)topography of land
2) good, clean water supply for crops
3) fertile land
4) proximity to market (transport goods)
5) transport links (vans/ freight trains)
6) large, cheap space
7) climate conditions
8) supply of energy/ raw materials

Question 8

Factors influencing the location of the SECONDARY sector activity (7)

Answer 8

1) large, cheap land (build factories + car parks)
2) proximity/ availability of labour (skilled?)
3) transport links (transport goods + convenience for workers)
4) good, clean water supply
5) supply of energy
6) proximity to market
7) ability to build infrastructure/ strong infrastructure

Question 9

Factors influencing the location of TERTIARY sector (5)

Answer 9

1) proximity to target market
2) good transport links for labour force
3) skilled labour availability + proximity
4) accessibility for customers
5) attractive environment

Question 10

Factors influencing the location of the QUATERNARY sector:

Answer 10

1) room for expansion
2) highly skilled workforce available
3) accessibility for labour
4)access to latest research

Question 11

Why are CBD’S so accessible

Answer 11

1) place where all transport networks converge, bringing in the highest number of customers
2) CBD attracts the entire “sphere of influence” from the entire city and wider regions
3) CBD often has a wealthier community- beneficial to tertiary services
4) CBD is accessible to all workers + tertiary requires a large number of workers

Question 12

CHANGES in the location of PRIMARY sector:

Answer 12

-soil becomes infertile
-climate change (flooding/droughts)
-raw materials may deplete or become economically unviable

Question 13

CHANGES in the SECONDARY sector location factors:

Answer 13

-TRANSPORT: faster + cheaper
-TNC’S have increased factories
-ELECTRICITY can now be supplied almost anywhere: no need to be tied to a power source of coal etc.
-INTERNET : instant communication anywhere is possible
-DEINDUSTRIALIZATION
-government policies: emerging countries attract manufacturing with tax incentives
-raw materials: may be depleted and no longer available
-urbanization

Question 14

CHANGES in the location of the QUATERNARY sector:

Answer 14

-GOVERNMENT INVESTMENT: impacts the region
-improvements in infrastructure + safe environment attracts quaternary activities

Question 15

DECENTRALISATION

Answer 15

People and businesses, especially tertiary sector moving out of the CBD and out towards the rural-urban fringe
-cheap greenfield land
-large land to build car parking spaces
-more accessible to large families + mass buyers
-next to motorways
-lots of room for expansion
-attractive environment/ little pollution
-proximity to workers

Question 16

REASONS for change in number of people employed: (6)

Answer 16

1) level of development
2) government policies
3) demographic change
4) availability of raw materials
5) mechanisation
6) globalisation

Question 17

LIC’S: sector employment

Answer 17

Primarily PRIMARY sector
-relies on raw material exports to developing/ emerging countries
-has plentiful supply of raw materials
-still relies on subsistence farming

Question 18

EMERGING countries: sector employment

Answer 18

Primarily SECONDARY
-government attracts manufacturing from TNC’s with tax incentives
-semi-skilled labour force are effective
-TNC’s tend to outsource factories cause of lower costs

Question 19

DEVELOPED countries: sector employment

Answer 19

Primarily TERTIARY
-higher educated population: more focus on tertiary/ quaternary for higher wages
-mechanisation causes decrease in primary sector
-deindustrialisation as more disposable income means more services required

Question 20

GOVERNMENT POLICIES: changes in sector employment

Answer 20

-DEVELOPED: investment on quaternary
-uses tax incentives
-infrastructure improvements
-communist countries: government have a more dominating control over industry types

Question 21

GLOBALISATION: changes in number of people employed

Answer 21

-TNC’s outsourcing more: increase in secondary of emerging countries
-internet + improved communications- increase in tertiary across across the world
-countries can focus in on their economic strengths due to the increased INTERDEPENDANCE ex: Jamaica can focus on tourism

Question 22

TECHNOLOGY: changes in number of people employed:

Answer 22

-MECHANIZATION: decreases primary sector
-internet- opens new job opportunities across the world + allows for changes in research (quaternary)
-improvements in transport have reduced “friction of distance”

Question 23

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE: changes in number of people employed in each sector:

Answer 23

-aging population: more focuses on care homes/ specialist services ex
-more women involved in labour
-increasing population: more workers available
-increasing population: greater demand for goods and services
-people gain more disposable income to spend on services and leisure

Question 24

UK: economic sector shifts case study

Answer 24

The UK was the world’s first industrial nation + led the Industrial Revolution
Fifty years ago: manufacturing 40% of the economic wealth and employed one third of the workers
TODAY: less than 25% of wealth and only 9% of workforce
DEINDUSTRIALISATION + TERTIARIZATION- the global shift in manufacturing
-investment in QUATERNARY sector (e.g Cambridge science park +UK space agency)

NEGATIVE impacts:
-high levels of unemployment
-BRAIN DRAIN
-DEMULTIPLIER effect
-increased crime due to high levels of unemployment
-abandoned factories: pollute land and can be used for crime
-impact imbalance between industrial and non-industrial area ex: NORHT/SOUTH divide east Sheffield vs west Sheffield

POSITIVE impacts:
-less pollution (factory emissions + waste removal)
-overall GDP increases from tertiarization
-tourism + retail increase encourages new opportunities
-attracts international events, tourism and investment
LONDON is now the second most important financial centre of the world after New York (increased political power)

Question 25

CHINA: economic sector shifts case study

Answer 25

Giant country in size + population (1.4 billion) Shift from primary —-> secondary Government direction for China to become a part of the global economy (previously only with the Soviet Union + Eastern Europe) -accounts for 50% of china’s GDP -successful because elf availability of labour + energy POSITIVE : -more disposable income + increased wealth and GDP -higher standard of living -urbanisation + developed infrastructure -more investment in education + health services -increased investment from TNC’s NEGATIVE impacts: -increased wealth gap between regions as rural primary regions are left behind -air, water, noise, pollution all increased -CHINA is one of the world’s largest co2 emitters

Question 26

INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT: definition

Answer 26

Employment that exists outside of government regulation

Question 27

More than __ % of the world is employed in the informal economy

Answer 27

60

Question 28

Reasons for informal employment

Answer 28

1) increase in RURAL-URBAN migration creates a surplus of labour + underemployment/ unemployment 2) low wages drive people to earn additional money to support family 3) employers refuse to give out holiday/sick pay 4) low-educated workers cannot find a job in the formal sector 5) flexible hours to accommodate family 6) no need to pay tax

Question 29

Paratransit: informal sector

Answer 29

-minibuses, rickshaws, pedicabs -arise from the lack of official transport (too slow, too congested, too expensive etc.) -causes congestion -provide cheap services to the city

Question 30

Disadvantages of the informal sector

Answer 30

-little to no regulations (dangerous health and safety) -no paid sick leaves -injury is common -increase in child labour -uncertain legal status -discrimination -government collect less tax -cannot break the CYCLE OF POVERTY

Question 31

Advantages of the informal sector

Answer 31

-provides cheap goods and services -supplies jobs to the poorest people of society -increased personal profit as don’t have to pay tax

Question 32

DHAKA, BANGLADESH : informal sector case study

Answer 32

Population: 22.5 million 25% of capital’s population lives in slums -most densely populated megacity in the world -over 690,000 children involved in informal employment -these children are exposed daily to drugs, pollution, violence and have to carry extensive hours with excessive loads -low education therefore -children face poor health

Question 33

Malthus’ theory

Answer 33

Population will overtake the amount of resources available and their won’t be enough supply so population will decline -increased death rate: war, famine, disease -decreased birth rate PESSIMISTIC

Question 34

Boserup theory

Answer 34

Humans will continue to invent and advance in order to increase food supply and therefore population will always increase “Necessity is the mother of invention” OPTIMISTIC

Question 35

Malthus vs boserup

Answer 35

MALTHUS: -not accurate -new technology (e.g GM crop farming) displaces his theory -famines are proof of his theory -food prices are increasing -fertile soil is depleting BOSERUP: -innovations may be bad for the environment in long term (e..g cattle farming on the amazon) -perhaps unrealistic

Question 36

Ways to achieve balance of population + resources :

Answer 36

1) controlling population growth (e.g family planning) 2) relying less on natural resources 3) technological developments 4) reducing our resource consumption

Question 37

Primary vs secondary energy

Answer 37

PRIMARY: fuels that provide energy without undergoing any conversion process e.g firewood, natural gas SECONDARY: made from the processing of primary fuels e.g electricity

Question 38

Reasons for increased energy demand

Answer 38

1) growing population 2) increased standard of living 3)mechanization 4) urbanisation — transport + building 5) higher demand of food—> intensive farming

Question 39

What is an ENERGY GAP

Answer 39

The difference between energy demand and energy supply is

Question 40

ENERGY SECURITY

Answer 40

The ability of a country to meet all it’s energy needs reliably - preferably within its own borders

Question 41

3 subfactors needed to be energy secure

Answer 41

-UNINTERRUPTED supply -AFFORDABLE supply -ACCESIBLE supply

Question 42

Non-renewable energy resources (4)

Answer 42

-gas -oil -coal -nuclear

Question 43

Renewable energy resources (6)

Answer 43

-wind -tidal/wave -geothermal -solar -biomass/waste -hydroelectric

Question 44

FACT FILE: coal

Answer 44

-non-renewable -black sedimentary rock from decaying animal and plant matter formed underground undergoes combustion to generate energy -main producers: USA, CHINA, AUS PROS: -high world reserves, reliable, mechanisation makes coal more accessible, cheap, efficient CONS: -releases CO2, releases So2 which causes acid rain, heavy and bulky to transport -mining accidents

Question 45

Fact file: OIL

Answer 45

-non-renewable -also formed from decaying plant and animal matter compressed underground -main producers: USA,SAUDI ARABIA, RUSSIA PROS: -easy to transport, less polluting than coal, reliable, efficient, variety of uses CONS: -low reserves, releases CO2, air pollution, danger of spills, danger of explosions

Question 46

FACT FILE: natural gas

Answer 46

-non-renewable -also formed underground with decaying animal and plant matter -main producers: RUSSIA, USA, CANADA Pros: efficient, least polluting fossil fuel, easy to transport, reliable CONS: -risk of explosions, releases CO2, air pollution

Question 47

FACT FILE: nuclear energy

Answer 47

-non renewable -relies on uranium as a fuel Main producers: USA, FRANCE, JAPAN, PROS: fewer greenhouse gases, efficient, small amounts of uranium needed CONS: nuclear waste is radioactive, difficult to dispose, risk of nuclear accidents, power sttations are expensive to decomission and build

Question 48

FACT FILE: hydroelectric

Answer 48

-renewable -good, regular supply of water needed held in a reserve -main producers: CHINA, USA, CANADA PROS: very clean, dams can also control flooding/provide water, often in remote, sparsely populated areas CONS:-large areas of land are flooded, silt is trapped behind the dam, lakes silt up, people + settlements may need to relocate, expensive to build + maintain

Question 49

FACT FILE: wind

Answer 49

-renewable -wind drives blades to turn turbines Main producers: CHINA, USA, BRAZIL PROS: -very clean, no air pollution, cheap to run, can be off shore or on land CONS: not reliable, winds are unpredictable, visual + noise pollution, many turbines are needed, may affect bird migration/ kill birds

Question 50

FACT FILE: wave/tidal

Answer 50

-renewable -water drives turbines to spin Main producers: FRANCE + RUSSIA PROS: clean, can protect coasts from erosion, reliable, no greenhouse gas emissions CONS: expensive to build, few suitable sites, can affect marine ecosystems

Question 51

FACT FILE: SOLAR

Answer 51

-renewable -solar panels use sunlight to produce energy MAIN PRODUCERS: USA, INDIA PROS: can be used in most locations, can be incorporated into buildings, no air pollution, no greenhouse gases, efficient CONS: expensive, unreliable as only works when sunny, uses large areas of land

Question 52

FACT FILE: GEOTHERMAL

Answer 52

-renewable -earht’s natural heat produces steam which drives turbines to spin Main producers: JAPAN, ICELAND, NZ PROS: many potential sites, reliable, can produce large amounts of energy, no carbon dioxide emissions CONS: expensive to develop, sulphuric gases, high temperatures can cause maintenance issues

Question 53

FACT FILE: biomass/waste

Answer 53

-renewable -uses dead animal/ plant waste Main producers: ARGENTINE, BRAZIL, JAPAN PROS: widely available, uses waste products, can be set up locally CONS: expensive, some pollution, produces greenhouse gases

Question 54

Ways to reduce energy consumption: INDIVIDUAL

Answer 54

-reduce car use by walking/cycling -insulating walls + adding curtains/blinds -buy energy-efficient appliances -don’t leave electrical items on standby -install solar panels

Question 55

Ways to conserve energy: NATIONAL

Answer 55

-invest in renewable technologies (CHINA investing 1.7 trillion) -encourage switch to electric cars (EX: ULEZ) -invest in public transport -educating the population about the importance of energy conservation

Question 56

CASE STUDY: UK energy resource management

Answer 56

UK consumes less energy now than in 1970, Industry uses 60% less energy- deindustrialization Most of UK’s electricity is still produced by burning fossil fuels SUSTAINABLE ENERGY policy 40% of UK’s energy now comes from renewable resources since 2022 GREEN GRANT: government scheme where houses are paid 5 million to invest in improving home efficiency, however ended after 2 years so was not consistent enough, and only 10% of the houses they reached out to toook up the offer WIND ENERGY INVESTMENT: the uk have specifically invested in wind energy, building the worlds 2 largest wind farms. Largest: hornse wind farm, set to power millions of homes, 2nd largest wind farm: SCOUT MOOR on the north west coast, powers 600,000 homes TRANSPORT: implemented the ULEZ strategy in London to encourage use of electric vehicles EDUCATION: adding smart meters into homes

Question 57

CASE STUDY: energy resource management-NEPAL

Answer 57

-developing country: low energy demands that are rising Population: 28 million -country is landlocked and mountainous so imports of fossil fuels are difficult -only 16% of population living in towns/cities Main source of energy is fuel wood- widespread deforestation Biomass is the fuel used for cooking Over 3000 MICRO-HYDRO PLANTS, with support from the world bank. (These are inexpensive as they don’t need a dam and are relatively low-cost + renewable) Ex: rums kohl’s micro-hydro provides electricity for town DARBANG + 5 other villages