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URBAN Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

ADVANTAGES + DISADVANTAGES OF BROWNFIELD SITES

A

ADVANTAGES:
-more sustainable
-no complaining
-repurposes buildings
-located near main areas of employments
DISADVANTAGES:
-no room for expansion
-expensive
-old buildings have to be cleared
-land has to be made free of pollution
-hard to sell, in rundown locations

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2
Q

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES of GREENFIELD sites:

A

ADVANTAGES:
-cheap
-easy to sell, in desired locations
-healthier environment
DISADVANTAGES:
-loss of biodiversity
-protests
-causes noise and light pollution
-can encourage further suburban sprawl

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3
Q

What is DEPRIVATION?

A

DEPRIVATION describes a standard of living that is lower than the majority of people across a country, region or county.

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4
Q

DEVELOPED countries + urbanisation

A

-highest levels
-slower rate
(Counter-urbanisation may occur- increased disposable income + affordable travel/housing)

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5
Q

Define: counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people from urban areas to surrounding rural areas

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6
Q

DEVELOPING countries + urbanisation

A

-high rates of urbanisation
-new economic development + industrial growth
-high rural-urban migration

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

LIC’s + urbanisation

A

Low levels of urbanisation

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9
Q

Urban pull factors

A

-higher wages
-perceived “better life” causes excitement and momentum
-improved education + healthcare
-better job opportunities
-more freedom
-public utilities
-government support

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Rural push factors

A

-limited healthcare + education
-mechanisation of farming
-lack of opportunities
-low wages
-monotonous and hard lifestyle
-lack of investment

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12
Q

Urbanisation timeline

A

Agglomeration——> suburbanisation—>commuting—>urban-regeneration—->counter-urbanisation—urban-reimagine—-urbanisation of suburbs

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13
Q

Agglomeration

A

Groups of people join together to trade and live in one area, usually near natural resources such as an estuary, river crossing, mineral resource point etc. (or in earlier decades, defence was another major factor)

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14
Q

Suburbanisation

A

As the towns grow and expand, suburbanisation occurs, as more houses, transport, and people arrive at the town, towns can expand and develop to eventually form cities

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15
Q

Commuting

A

As the cities grow, and housing prices become more expensive/ transport improves, people move out of the city towards smaller, rural settlements, aka. “Dormitory settlements”, as they only sleep there, and continue to COMMUTE in to the city daily to work, still suing the urban services.

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16
Q

COUNTER-URBANISATION: timeline

A

As the city becomes more developed, people and businesses begin to move further out, either to smaller towns or rural areas due to:
-increased wealth + disposable income
-higher personal car ownership
-improvements in transport/ road links
-green belt
-seeking larger houses, at same price “bid-rent theory”
-early retirement/ second houses
-peaceful/safe environment
—agricuLaura’s decline releases more land for new housing

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17
Q

REBRANDING: urban re-imaging + urban regeneration

A

URBAN REGENERATION: when teh government invests money into “rebuilding” a destitute area, left to “urban blight”. This happens when older urban areas begin to decline, factories move elsewhere- causing loss of jobs, quality of life and housing become poorer, people move away, urban re-generation brings the place back to life.
URBAN REIMAGING: the government changing the outlook/appearance of an area to the public, i.e focusing on different aspects/ identities, investing into regeneration + changing advertising

EX: the London Docklands—-> Canary Wharf

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18
Q

Factors that affect the rate of urbanisation (2)

A

1) economic growth
2) population growth- source of labour for economic growth
(Multiplier effect)

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19
Q

Megacities definition

A

Urban regions with over 10 MILLION RESIDENTS
1970: only 4
Now:35 , with half in Asia

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20
Q

Factors affecting the growth of megacities:

A

-ECONOMIES OF SCALE
-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
-POPULATION GROWTH
-MULTIPLIER EFFECT

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21
Q

ECONOMIES OF SCALE: MEGACITIES

A

-cheaper to provide goods and services in one space rather than spread across
-financial savings in transport + easier communication between a smaller area

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22
Q

Economic development: megacities

A

-service centres
-informal economy + manufacturing centres

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23
Q

Multiplier effect: megacities

Study These Flashcards
A

Once a city is prospering, it gains momentum…
-encourages inwards investment
-more jobs + more migration inwards
-more need for skills and services
-creates more jobs and the cycle continues

24
Q

Population growth: megacities

Study These Flashcards
A

Young people are drawn to megacities with their exciting momentum + fast-paced development , offering opportunities
-“internal growth”, migrants into the city have children

25
Megacities become powerful ___ that create large ___
Cores Peripheries
26
World/global cities are recognised worldwide for..
-prestige + status -power + influence -being critical hubs in the global economy EX: TOP 3: London, New York, Tokyo
27
Problems of rapid urbanisation
1) CONGESTION -spreads disease fast -lack of affordable/ enough housing (families sharing one room) -squatter settlements w crammed conditions -traffic congestion: emit higher pollution +smog + is inefficient to the flow of the city 2) FACILITIES -acces to water and electricity cannot keep up with population -areas will be unsanitary + have no running water/electricity -stops basic cooking/cleaning/online jobs etc. and sewage disposal becomes an issue 3)EMPLOYMENT -overcrowding leads to unemployment/underemployment and then increases the informal sector. 4)EDUCATIOIN -lack of schools -high levels of child labour due to informal sector impacts education 5)HEALTH Not enough healthcare services -atmospheric pollution cause respiratory issues -little acces to clean water causes disease 6)CRIME -due to lack of job opportunities and unemployment -unsafe environment+ can be overtaken by gangs and intimidation 7) POLLUTION -aside from already mentioned -noise pollution (large crowds, music, traffic) + visual pollution (graffiti, littering) +light pollution (street lighting, offices etc.) -urban spread pollutes surrounding countryside
28
Rapid urbanisation proof:
São Paulo’s population has almost doubled between 1970 and 2015
29
Urban land-use planning: burgess’s model
1)core 2)inner city ring 3)suburban ring 4) rural-urban fringe
30
31
CORE:
-oldest part of the city -CBD + early buildings -densely packed with shops, offices -transport links converge here -greatest accessibility for workers + customers -wide “sphere of influence” with tourists + visitors
32
INNER-CITY RING:
-Victorian “terraced” housing -older industrial areas -centred around transport links -become more derelict + more vulnerable to urban blight as abandoned factories increase
33
SUBURBAN RING:
-semi + detached houses with gardens -housing is the dominant land use -smaller retail premises -residential facilities e.g gyms and schools
34
RURAL-URBAN FRINGE
-countryside is eroded through urban spread pollutes -housing is clustered -some industrial land use -accessible to motorways
35
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BID-RENT THEORY
A.k.a distance decay theory -trade-off between accessibility and cost of land -closer to CBD: more desirable: more expensive -industry has less use for accessibility+ retail + requires larger land: moves out -residential land is outpriced across zones, competition decreases outwards: lower prices + larger plots
37
LONDON: land-use patterns: segregation
Self-organised segregation: WHITECHAPEL + MAYFAIR Whitechapel: flow of Jewish, Irish and Bangladeshi in due to the area’s affordability + proximity to docks. - Language barrier, anti-Semitism, religious differences and racial prejudice gradually segregated communities. -As well as the community desire to be with like-minded, same language people MAYFAIR: -originally popular for aristocrats and upper class, migrating further out from the CBD of London -higher-class, luxury services then developed to support it’s wealthy population -predominantly white, due to generational wealth + clustering of similar status communities -location proximity to CBD but still with green spaces
38
PLVI
Peak land value intersection (CBD)
39
SECONDARY land value peaks
Found in urbanisation of suburbs + along main roads + urban hubs
40
Small land value peaks
Around intersections of arterial roads and outer ring roads
41
URBAN CHALLENGES: economic (6)
1)deindustrialisation 2)globalisation 3)food supply 4) transport and traffic 5) energy 6) service provision
42
URBAN CHALLENGES: social (6)
1) ethnic segregation 2) social services and housing 3) poverty and deprivation 4) quality of life 5) ageing population 6) crime
43
URBAN CHALLENGES: environmental (6)
1)ecological footprint 2)waste disposal/ pollution 3) resources 4) green space 5) hazard risks 6) sustainability
44
Changes along the urban fringe (6)
1)retail parks 2) science parks 3) business parks 4) motorways + ring roads 5) airports 6) housing estates
45
Why are retail parks attracted to the urban fringe
-large + spacious -more personal car ownership -accessible to cars on motorways -has a wide range of customers “sphere of influence” -less congestion -parking space
46
Why are science parks attracted to the urban fringe?
-green and clean environment -usually near universities/research centres -closer to transport networks e.g airports
47
Why are business parks attracted to the urban fringe?
-nicer working environment -accessible to commuters -usually includes conference hotel or leisure activities (e.g bowling alleys)
48
Why are industrial estates attracted to the urban fringe?
-room for expansion -good transport links -flat land + large cheap land -away from housing + retail
49
Urban sprawl
The spreading of Urban development on previously undeveloped land
50
Ways to make urban living more sustainable?
1) renewable energy 2)using energy more efficiently 3) public transport 4) recycling + reusing more 5) improving physical infrastructure + facilities 6) protect biodiversity 7) provide green spaces 8) reuse brownfield sites
51
CURITIBA case study-
52
GENTRIFICATION: definition
Upgrading of a neighbourhood in a historically disinvested area for a higher class of new residents
53
Issues of gentrification
-displacement : long time residents are unable to afford new housing and are forced to move away -white flight (racial segregation) as wealthier white community can stretch away to nicer suburbs when city declines
54
Slum management strategies: (5)
1)clear/bulldoze 2) relocate 3) redevelop 4) improve with site and service schemes “Favela Bairro strategy” 5) ignore
55
Stakeholders: local level (4)
1) residents: support anything that raises quality of life 2) city council: most influence 3) urban planners: impact settlements 4) employers: unhappy if cheap labour is affected
56
Stakeholders: NATIONAL (2)
1) government: financial management + political game 2) NGO’s
57
STAKEHOLDRS: international (3)
1) International charities: OXFAM, 2)IGO’s- e.g world bank 3) Corruption can be a problem

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