Economic Change- essay plan cards Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Between 1845-1870 how much did the German railway network grow
A
6 times, from 3,280KM to 19,575KM of track
2
Q
How long did the KaiserReich depression last for
A
1873-1890 but from the 1890s to WW1 there was a boom
3
Q
How much did electrical output increase between 1890-1913
A
By 18% every year between these dates
4
Q
How large was the population of Germany in 1890 compared to 1910
A
50 million in 1890
To
60 million in 1910
5
Q
By when was Germany the biggest industrial nation in Europe
A
1900
6
Q
How much did the value of exports increase between 1873-1914
A
£365million
7
Q
What did WW1 require of Germany industries and what did Germany lack
A
It required mobalisation of all German industries
Germany lacked; cotton, rubber, petrol, copper and tin
8
Q
Who succeeded with scientists to make synthetic materials and when
A
1915
Rathenau
9
Q
Why did Germany have to create synthetic materials
A
Because they had been cut off from resources in Chile
10
Q
Which act meant that men men from 17-60 had to work and who enacted this law
A
Hindenburg and Ludendorff, Auxilary service act from 1916
11
Q
How much war debt did the Weimar government inherit
A
140 billion marks
12
Q
What was one dollar worth in Germany during the hyperinflation
A
$1=DM4.2 trillion
13
Q
How much did German exports increase between what dates
A
1924-29 they doubled
14
Q
In 1924 under which chancellor was a new currency introduced
What did this do?
A
Chancellor Stresemann, the Rentenmark
This stabilised the economy
15
Q
When did industrial production reach pre WW1 levels
A
1927
16
Q
In the Ruhr what did the workforce decline by and how much was productivity increased
A
Declined by 33%
Production increased by 18% per hour
17
Q
What was this change in production due to
A
‘Rationalisation’
18
Q
When did unemployment halve due to public works schemes
A
1934
19
Q
In 1943 what did unemployment do
A
It halved
20
Q
By what date was there actually a labour shortage
A
1939
21
Q
What industries did the Nazis focus on and how did this help
A
Road construction and the German car industry helped
22
Q
What did the Nazis invest in
A
Work creation schemes like the RAD
23
Q
When was the four year plan that focused on industry and rearmament
A
1936
24
Q
By 1938 how much government expenditure was taken up by rearmament
A
44%
25
When was 44% of govt expenses on rearmament
1938
26
What hampered production of key materials, Nazis
How was this sorted
Infighting in the economic sector,
Albert Speer reorganised the central planning board in 1942
27
Who lead German industry in rebuilding and what helped them rebuild
Ludwig Erhard, US Marshall aid plan
28
What war boosted west Germany industry and when
Korean War 1950-53, US got goods from Germany
29
What happened to German GNP during the 1950s , why
It Trebled, focus on machinery, electronics, cards, banking and education.
30
How did the German economy modernise into the 1980s
It moved to consulting, advertising and research. The housing industry ate.
31
When did the Great Depression begin
October 1929
32
What happened in the US Great Depression, how did this effect European loans
US investors lost $40 billion in a month, wiped out US loans to Europe
33
When was RM1Billion withdrawn from Germany by the US and what was the result
June 1931, 3 major banks collapsed
34
What were the unemployment percentages, Great Depression
40% unemployed
Machine building = 48.9% unemployed
Shipbuilding = 63.5% unemployed Machine building
35
How did the Nazis exploit the Great Depression
They opened soup kitchens and charity fundraisers, by 1931 200 people fed a day in some rural areas
36
What happened as a result of the Nazis exploiting the Great Depression- election
Bruning called an election 1930, extremist groups grew
Nazis gained 6.4million votes (18.2%)
KPD gained 4.4million votes (13.1%)
37
What happened to the German GDP in the ‘economic miracle’
GDP grew by 12% in 5 years, helped by the cooperative union sector who restricted wage increases
38
What people immigrating to west Germany meant that there were plenty of workers
3.6million refugees, young and willing to work
39
Why was Germany free to grow economically post WW2
It was not burdened with reparation payments or rearmament- it was occupied
40
What was co-determinism and when
1951, any business with over 1,000 employees in iron and steel industries had to allow representatives in the workforce
41
What did co-determinism mean in relation to the wider world
There were no strikes like there were in Britain and France
42
What happened to the German economy in the 1960s
It shut down, the country changed from heavy industries to service. It meant a slowdown
43
44
By what date had the ‘economic miracle’ stopped
1963
45
When did the KaiserReich economy collapse
1873
46
How many companies went bankrupt in 1873
150
47
What was defeated in the Reichstag in 1867
A bill to tariff pig iron
48
When was the bill to tariff pig iron defeated
1867
49
When were the national liberals the most powerful party in the Reichstag and who supported them
1871-78
Middle class professionals
50
When did the Reichstag pass a protective tariff law and how
1867
Used two conservative parties and the centre party
51
What was the ‘alliance of rye and steel’ and what did it mean
Industrialists were allied to the junkers, prevented major change in Germany over the nect 40 years, contributing to the 1818 revolution.
52
Why did kaiser Wilhelm II want investment in Germanys navy
It was only the 7th most powerful navy in the world by 1897
53
Why was a navy a nationalist dream
Because the army was dominated by Junkers and hadn’t changed since 1871, a navy would have no baggage from unification
54
Who introduced a bill and when to create new ships
Tirpitz, 1898 to create 17 ships over 7 years
55
What did Tirpitz’s bill pass by
212 votes to 139
56
What happened because the kaiser was unhappy with the new 17 ships
A bill passed in 1900 to increase the number to 36 ships
57
What was Britain’s response to the kaiser increasing the number of ships
They signed the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 and the Triple Entente with France and Russia 1907
58
What did the navy building fail to do
Win over the SDP, working class did not unite, SDP became the largest party in 1912
59
Who believed in what type of economics
Schacht believed in Keynesian economics
60
When was RM5 Billion invested in public works schemes and what did this do to unemployment
1933-35, unemployment fell from 2.7million in 1934 to 1.7million in 1953
61
How much was invested in public works schemes 1933-35
RM 5 Billion
62
How much Mefo Bills did the Reichsbank issue
RM12 Billion worth,
63
What did the Mefo builds finance
50% of arms expenditure from 1934-36
64
What did the gf at that there were no German consumer goods mean
Imports increased unsustainably from south Eastern European countries and Latin America
65
Why was Schacht fired
He said to focus on consumer goods, he was sacked and replaced with Goering in 1939
66
What did the four year plan increase synthetic fuel production by but why was this limited.
Increased 130% but this equated to 18% of demand
67
What ministry’s all overlapped
Ministry of munitions, ministry of economy and ministry for wall
68
How did Speer fix their issues with production
He reduced the number of models of tanks and vehicles, using modern techniques
69
What did Speers choice to focus on small numbers of models do
Production of tanks and engines increased 200%, munitions per worker increased 60% from 1838-44 weapons increased 130% despite workers only increasing 11%
70
Why did US troops remain in Germany.
Because the USSR demanded reparations, the US had to announce that they would keep their troops there as long as the USSR did
71
When did George Marshall promise economic aid
5th June 1947
72
How much did the Marshall plan provide to Western European countries
$17 billion
73
How much did west Germany receive in the 1940s and 1950s
$2.7 billion
74
How much did the Marshall plan pay for German imports and where did the money go?
Paid for 35% of west German imports
Money went to improving railways, steel and electrical industries
75
What was the political impact of the Marshall plan
- greater cooperation between Western European nations
- by June 1849 french zone merged with Bizonia to create Trizonia
Became west Germany in 1949
76
What happened in 1951 April
- European coal and steel community combined heavy industries in france, west Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg
77
78
By 1981 what were west German industrial products like
They were in high demand
79
What % of German exports went to EEC and how many came from EEC
45% to EEC
47% from EEC
Around 1981
80
Give the statistic showing the EECs effect on agricultural exports
Increased- milk and butter especially.
1971-77 west germanys share of sugar exports in the EEC increased 19%
81
CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) amounted to what %of the EEC’s (European Economic Community) budget
CAP sometimes as mounted to 70% of the ECCs budget
82
What % of expenditure was west Germany spending on CAP and why
30%
Lobbying by farming pressure groups
83
By the 1970s what had EEC food prices done?
They were 2-3 times higher than those on the world market
84
By 1989 what proportion of the value came from subsidies and what did CAP amount to (of EECs budget)
2/3 of the value came from subsidies
CAP was 50% of EECs budget
85
What did WW1 do to the agricultural sector
Caused shortages of men and horses
Work was taken up by women and children
86
When and what was the turnip winter
1916-17 meant food supplies were short from 1917
87
How many civilians died of starvation due to the turnip winter
750,000
88
What did infant mortality increase by due to the food shortages of the turnip winter
Increased by 50%
89
By 1931 what had wheat prices fallen to
1/3 of the pre 1920s prices
90
What happened to agricultural labour in Weimar
It declined
91
What happened to taxes on agriculture in Weimar
They were 4 times higher than those in the kaiserreich
92
In 1925 what % of people were involved in agriculture and forestry and who owned the land
Prussian landholdings still existed.
30% of the working population were involved in agriculture and forestry work in 1925
93
Between which dates (Weimar) did agricultural income drop by __
1928-32 agricultural income dropped by 40%
94
What was the average income of farmers compared to other people in Weimar
It was 44% below national average
95
In the 1928 election what % did the Nazis gain but why was it perculiar in agricultural areas
2.6% but higher in rural; Lower Saxony, Thungria, Upper Bavarian.
The Nazis paid lots of attention to these groups early 1930s
96
What contributed in the 1930s
Decline in agriculture- despite nazi propaganda saying the opposite
97
What did the Nazi drive for self sufficiency help
Farmers as food imports were restricted
98
What did the Nazis fail to invest in and what did this mean
Modern farming techniques, machinery lagged behind investment in industry meaning there was a decline in living standards for farmers
99
What did the Nazis finally do in 1938
Gave greater subsidies to farmers but the decline continued as war preparations hastened.
100
When was the highest rate of internal migration in Germany and what caused it
1933-38 almost 1 million ppl left rural areas to look for work in cities, highest rate of internal migration in Germany
101
When were record levels of agricultural decline reached
1960s
102
Why did west Germany have no agriculture
The east had all of the farms
103
What did west Germany having to import food mean
Farmers maintained a strong political influence
104
What did the 1955 agriculture act do
Out supported prices the through protective tariffs on agricultural imports
105
When was the act that helped agriculture
The 1955 agriculture act
106
What did the agricultural act result in
10% increase in agricultural production as domestic consumpition invcreased but out failed to stem the overall decline
107
What happened to agricultural employment versus non-agricultural employment? When?
Non agri= increased 9 million from 1950-70
Agri= dropped by 1.6 million
1950-70
108
Why was there such a decline in agriculture
Greater mechanisation, farm workers replaced by machines.
109
By 1989 what was the agriculture sector worth and compare it
1989- 1.6% GDP
1956- 11% GDP
110
What did the number of farms drop by and to
1.6mill in 1950
630,000 in 1990
