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Russia > Economy > Flashcards

Economy Flashcards

1
Q

Iron Stats

A

(1710) net importer
(1716) net exporter
(1725) world leading producer

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2
Q

What was Russias main trade at the beginning of the period?

A

Fur

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3
Q

Russias economy in 1682?

A

2000 foreign experts
21 factories (4 state owned)
cottage industry
agricultural economy
Overwhelmingly primitive

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4
Q

How much did Peter spend on military in 1704?

A

40.9%

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5
Q

What was intro. in 1699 and what did it do?

A

Ratusha
collection of revenue
replaced prikhazy

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6
Q

Mercantilist economic policies

A

favouring protection of home industries
Encouraged private enterprise through tariffs and subsidies

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7
Q

Why was Peter not a mercantilist?

A

The state had an overwhelming role

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8
Q

When was the 1st debasement of the russian coinage and why?

A

1698 –> metal for war

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9
Q

When was the 2nd debasement of the Russian coinage?

A

1723

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10
Q

What extra things did Peter do to get money out of the public?

A

monopolies on salt and toabcco
tax on beards and dress

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11
Q

When and what was the soul tax?

A

1718 –> tax on peasants

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12
Q

affects of soul tax

A

raised 4 million rouble
Omly implemented in 1724 due to time consuming ccensus
blurred class distinctions for tax purposes

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13
Q

When was internal free trade permitted?

A

1711

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14
Q

When did exports double?

A

1725

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15
Q

Outcome at the end of Peter reign for economy?

A

needed to exploit the old economy rather than expand the pre-existing one

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16
Q

Why was Catherine’s economy strikingly dynamic and prosperous?

A

Driven by expansion of agriculture and availability of cheap international credit

17
Q

How much money and why did Catherine get on Amsterdam money market?

A

44 million roubles to finance two Turk wars

18
Q

Why wasn’t debt excessive after money market and war?

A

(1796) 33 million
—> Turks forced to repay some as indemnity
—> healthy export in naval stores = inflow of wealth

19
Q

What did influx of capital and pop. create for Catherine?

A

Powerful internal demand for food and industrial products

20
Q

What benefited agriculture?

A

Rising pop.
Access to newly conquered fertile lands in south

21
Q

Transportation in Russia under Catherine?

A

Costs high but labour was cheap enough to compensate

22
Q

What were Catherine’s enlightened economic ideas?

A

Internal free trade

23
Q

How did Catherine promote internal free trade ( mainly grain)?

A

Disliked monopolies —> tried to eradicate them till 1781 = mixed success
(1775) Leading landlords to encourage their serfs to engage in handicraft production for wider market
—> nobles on infertile estates especially responsive
—> helped with emancipation of serfs

24
Q

Why was soul tax removed?

A

New census= time consumingand unpopular
–> encourage peasant flight

25
Q

Soul tax by 1954?

A

No longer carried Russian finances

26
Q

What was long term ideas to replace soul tax?

A

Intro. Bank of Nobility + Copper Bank
Indirect taxes e.g. salt and alcohol (35% of revenue)
Poll tax (decreased from 50 to 30%)

27
Q

Bad outcomes of spending money on military, court and bureaucratic expenditure?

A

(1733) 8% deficit
(1762) 40-45% deficit

28
Q

What was obrok?

A

Tax assigned to serfs away from their property

29
Q

What was long term belief for epoch of palace coups eco.?

A

richer economy which could yield more revenues

30
Q

SHort term belief for economy epoch of palace coups?

A

New and increased taxes needed

31
Q

1760 obrok idea?

A

Raise rate of obrok but could have provoked serf unrest
–> increased to 1 rouble 1760
Turned to indirect taxes

32
Q

WHat did Seven Years war do for economy?

A

Produced more fiscal initiatives
Church revenues diverted
Budgets for local gov. and public works slashed

33
Q

Economy by 1762?

A

In fiscal and eco. terms, modernistation of Russia still had a long way to go
Lack of currency
No central treasury
Auditing procedures rudimentary and collated in wartime

Russia (16 decks)

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