Ecosystem Part 1 (General Principles in Ecology)

Question 1

is a community of different living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.

Answer 1

Ecosystem

Question 2

It is a collection of all
organisms that live in a
particular place together
with their nonliving
environment.

Answer 2

Ecosystem

Question 3

• Scientific study of the interactions or relationships between organisms and the environment

Answer 3

Ecology

Question 4

is a collection of plants and animals
that have common characteristics for the
environment they exist in.

Answer 4

biome

Question 5

are distinct biological communities that have formed in response to a shared physical climate.

Answer 5

Biomes

Question 6

The term “biome” was first used in
____ by ______ an
American ecologist, to describe the
plants and animals in a given habitat.

Answer 6

1916
Frederic E. Clements,

Question 7

is smaller than a biome
because a biome is distributed
throughout the Earth.

Answer 7

ecosystem

Question 8

are large, geographically defined
regions with similar climate and
vegetation, encompassing multiple
ecosystems

Answer 8

Biomes

Question 9

, are localized communities of living
organisms and their interactions within a
specific area, often found within biomes.

Answer 9

Ecosystems

Question 10

An area’s biome is determined mostly by its __________ (temperature and precipitation)

Answer 10

climate

Question 11

is a major factor in determining types of life that reside in a particular biome

Answer 11

Climate

Question 12

Several factors that influence climate:

Answer 12

1. latitude
2. geographic features
3. atmospheric processes disseminating heat and moisture.

Question 13

LAND (6)

Answer 13

RAINFORESTS, DESERTS,
GRASSLANDS, DECIDOUS FORESTS,
BOREAL FORESTS, & TUNDRA

Question 14

WATER (2)

Answer 14

FRESHWATER &
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS

Question 15

• Often named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation
• Characterized by distribution, precipitation, temperature, plants, and animals

Answer 15

Terrestrial Biomes

Question 16

There are 2 main types of rain forests:

Answer 16

1. Tropical Rain Forests.
2. Temperate Rain Forests

Question 17

having moderate temperatures.

Answer 17

Temperate

Question 18

Are found in eastern North America, northeastern Asia, and central and western Europe.

Answer 18

TEMPERATE
RAIN FORESTS

Question 19

TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS: Receives more than _________ (10 ft) of rain per year

Answer 19

300 CM

Question 20

• Found in regions close to the equator
• Warm and humid all year long.
• Lots of precipitation.
• Diverse plant growth.

Answer 20

TROPICAL
RAIN FORESTS

Question 21

A leafy roof formed by the tallest trees.

Answer 21

Canopy

Question 22

A second layer of shorter trees and vines.

Answer 22

Understory

Question 23

plants grow well in the shade formed by
the canopy, but the forest floor is nearly dark and only a few plants live there.

Answer 23

Understory

Question 24

slow plant growth; low species diversity; slow nutrient recycling and lack of water

Answer 24

fragile ecosystem

Question 25

3 Desserts have little vegetation and moisture:

Answer 25

* Tropical Deserts * Temperate Deserts * Cold Deserts

Question 26

The ___________ desert in Africa cools rapidly after the sun goes down.

Answer 26

scorching Namib

Question 27

The _________ desert in central Asia is cooler and even experiences freezing temperatures in the winter

Answer 27

Gobi

Question 28

a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) ecosystem

Answer 28

Savanna:

Question 29

a transitional biome, not really a forest and not really a desert Can receive as much as 120 cm of rain per year.

Answer 29

Savanna

Question 30

a type of woodland characterized by a combination of dry soil, warm weather, and short, hardy shrubs.

Answer 30

Chaparral

Question 31

it is dominated by short woody plants, rather than grasses or tall trees it is unique to the Pacific coast of North America.

Answer 31

Chaparral

Question 32

* Characterized as having grasses as the dominant vegetation. * Trees and large shrubs are absent.

Answer 32

Temperate grassland

Question 33

* Precipitation is highly seasonal * Have cold winters and warm summers with some rain * Grasses and adapted to droughts and fire

Answer 33

Temperate Grasslands

Question 34

home to many of the largest animals on Earth. Examples: * Grazing by these large herbivores helps to maintain these grasslands

Answer 34

Grasslands

Question 35

* The _____ is a forest of the cold, subarctic region * Has been called the world's largest land biome * Coniferous, pines, oak, maple and elm trees. * Mooses, lynx, bears, wolverines, foxes, squirrels.

Answer 35

TAIGA OR BOREAL FOREST

Question 36

- the coldest of all the biomes. - comes from the Finnish word **tunturi**, meaning treeless plain.

Answer 36

TUNDRA

Question 37

live in the water itself and cannot propel themselves through water (Bacteria, algae).

Answer 37

Plankton

Question 38

=live in the water and can propel themselves by swimming or other means (invertebrates, shrimps; vertebrates, fish)

Answer 38

Nekton

Question 39

live on the surface below a body of water (sponges, clams and sea stars)

Answer 39

Benthos

Question 40

biomes found in the salt water of the ocean.

Answer 40

aquatic

Question 41

Major marine biomes

Answer 41

neritic, oceanic, and benthic biomes.

Question 42

* occur in ocean water over the continental shelf * extend from the low-tide water line to the edge of the continental shelf. * large populations of phytoplankton * great biomass and biodiversity.

Answer 42

Neritic Biomes

Question 43

=shallow

Answer 43

water

Question 44

is a biotic community that is present in the open ocean

Answer 44

Oceanic Biomes

Question 45

is the lowest ecological zone in a water body, and usually involves the sediments at the seafloor.

Answer 45

Benthic Biomes

Question 46

occur on the bottom of the ocean where benthos/ benthic organisms live

Answer 46

Benthic Biomes

Question 47

Where freshwater of a river meets saltwater of the ocean.

Answer 47

Estuary

Question 48

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream. * freshwater mixes with salt water

Answer 48

Estuary

Question 49

an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate.

Answer 49

Coral Reef

Question 50

▪ Close to the shore/bank ▪ High light penetration penetrate ▪ phytoplankton and floating organisms ▪ high productivity and high biodiversity

Answer 50

Littoral zone

Question 51

▪ top layer of lake water away from shore. ▪ covers much of the lake’s surface ▪ Photosynthesis occurs in this zone

Answer 51

Limnetic zone

Question 52

* near the bottom of a lake * no sunlight penetrates = no producers * Consumers, decomposers * low biodiversity

Answer 52

Profundal zone

Question 53

* bottom of a lake. * Organisms such as crayfish, snails, near shore * completely dark * decomposers.

Answer 53

Benthic zone

Question 54

* Covered by water at least one season * Plants are adapted to water-logged soil * Also known as **swamps** or **marshes**. * Provide habitat for thousands of species of aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals.

Answer 54

Wetlands

Question 55

are regions of the world with similar climate (weather, temperature) animals and plants.

Answer 55

bIOMES

Question 56

There are terrestrial biomes (land) and aquatic biomes, both __and __.

Answer 56

freshwater marine

Question 57

The world comprises a huge _____of the types of environments which are divided and grouped into different types of biomes

Answer 57

diversity

Question 58

* Nutrient Cycle * more or less circular paths of the chemical elements passing back and forth between organisms and environment

Answer 58

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

Question 59

2 General Group of Biogeochemical Cycle

Answer 59

Perfect (Gaseous) Imperfect (Sedimentary)

Question 60

* Hydrological Cycle * describes the way that water is circulated and recycled throughout Earth’s system * The ____ is an extremely important process because it enables the availability of water for all living organisms and regulates weather patterns on our planet.

Answer 60

WATER CYCLE

Question 61

the process that changes liquid water to gaseous water

Answer 61

Evaporation

Question 62

s the process of water vapor being released from plants and soil.

Answer 62

Transpiration

Question 63

the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water

Answer 63

Condensation

Question 64

any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls to the Earth

Answer 64

Precipitation

Question 65

(also known as overland flow) is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface

Answer 65

Surface runoff

Question 66

* Describes the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Ear

Answer 66

Carbon Cycle

Question 67

SOURCES of Carbon *Death of plants and animals * Animal waste * Atmospheric C * Methane from ruminant animals * Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) * Volcanic Eruptions

Answer 67

Natural

Question 68

SOURCES of Carbon - Burning of wood - Motor vehicles - Burning of fossil fuel

Answer 68

Anthropological

Question 69

a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere.

Answer 69

Nitrogen Cycle

Question 70

Sources of Nitrogen

Answer 70

1. Inorganic fertilizers 2. Nitrogen Fixation 3. Animal Residues 4. Crop residues 5. Organic fertilizers

Question 71

Forms of Nitrogen

Answer 71

1. Urea → CO(NH2)2 2. Ammonia → NH3 (gaseous) 3. Ammonium → NH4 4. Nitrate → NO3 5. Nitrite → NO2 6. Atmospheric Dinitrogen →N2 7. Organic N

Question 72

- the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of phosphorus in soil, water, and living and dead organic material. - the slowest biogeochemical cycles. - one of the scarcest elements found in nature which makes it one of the limiting agents

Answer 72

Phosphorous Cycle