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Environmental Science > Ecosystem Part 2 (General Principles in Ecology) > Flashcards

Ecosystem Part 2 (General Principles in Ecology) Flashcards

1
Q

is a community of different living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.

A

Ecosystem

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2
Q

It is a collection of all organisms that live in a
particular place together
with their nonliving
environment.

A

Ecosystem

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3
Q

Ecosystem has two types:

A

❑ Natural Ecosystem
❑ Artificial Ecosystem

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4
Q

Natural Ecosystem can take in several forms:

A

❑ Terrestrial Ecosystem – land-based ecosystems

❑ Aquatic Ecosystem – ecosystems in body of water

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5
Q

the living component of an ecosystem.

A

Biotic Factors

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6
Q

are the non-living component of an ecosystem.

A

Abiotic Factors

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7
Q

Climatic Factors:

A

Rain
Light
Wind
Temperature

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8
Q

Edaphic Factors:

A

Soil
pH
Minerals
Topography

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9
Q

Biotic Components kinds:

A

Producers (Autotrophs)
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Decomposers (Saprotrophs)

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10
Q

Consumers (Heterotrophs) kinds:

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary

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11
Q

Is the relative position of an entity in the food chain.

A

Trophic level

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12
Q

▪It forms the feeding positions in a food web or chain.

A

Trophic level

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13
Q

All food webs and chains have
at least two or three trophic
levels.

A

Trophic level

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14
Q

The Autotrophs

Auto (means “________”) + trophḗ (aGreek word, meaning “_____”/“_______”/”_______”).

A

“self”
“food”
“nourishment”
”nutrition”

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15
Q

Members of this tropic level are capable of producing their own food source.

A

The Autotrophs

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16
Q

They acts as the food producers in a food chain.

A

The Autotrophs

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17
Q

Give some examples of autotrophs:

A

Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Phytoplanktons

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18
Q

Hetero-(means “_______”) + trophe (aGreek word, meaning “________”/“_____”/”____”).

A

“others”
“food”/“nourishment”/”nutrition”

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19
Q

Organisms’ member of this tropic level depends on the producers for nourishment.

A

The Heterotrophs

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20
Q

They acts as the consumers in a food chain.

A

The Heterotrophs

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21
Q

Classification of
heterotrophs based on diets:

A

❖ Herbivore
❖ Carnivore
❖ Omnivore
❖ Microbivores
❖ Detritivores

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22
Q

Microorganisms, including detritivores, feed on decomposing materials to break down its components into simpler molecules.

A

The Decomposers: Special Heterotrophs

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23
Q

❑ Shows a series of transfer of energy (food)
❑ Involves the organisms in different trophic levels in transferring energy.
❑ “Who eats what”
❑ Food web: Interconnecting food chains

A

Food Chain

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24
Q

process of eating and being eaten

A

Food Chain:

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25
Q

consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem.

A

Food Web

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26
Q

▪Each living thing in an
ecosystem is part of multiple
food chains.

A

Food Web

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27
Q

is one possiblepath that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem.

A

Food Web

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28
Q

depicts how energy and biomass decrease from lower to higher trophic levels.

A

Ecological Pyramid

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29
Q

❑Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις, symbíōsis, _________, from
σύν, sýn, “together”, and βίωσις, bíōsis, _____) is any type of a closeand long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms.

A

Symbiotic Relationships

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30
Q

can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently.

A

Symbiosis

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31
Q

is also classified by physical attachment

A

Symbiosis

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32
Q

It is biological relationshipor interaction between organisms.

A

Symbiotic Relationship

33
Q

Types of symbiosis:

A

❑ Mutualism
❑ Commensalism
❑ Parasitism
❑ Predation
❑ Competition

34
Q

Is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

A

Mutualism

35
Q

A Mutualism for protection

A

Defensive

36
Q

A mutualism one cannot survive without resorting mutualism to other

A

Obligate

37
Q

Defensive:

Acacia plant (provides _____) and acacia ants Pseudomyrmex ferruginea (provides ___)

A

Food
Defense

38
Q

Obligate:

The Theory of ______ (dependency)

A

Endosymbiosis

39
Q

A mutualism Can live independently but can provide benefits to both

A

Protocooperation

40
Q

Protocooperation:

Plants (provide ____) and bees
(helps in _____)

A

Nutrients
Pollination

41
Q

A mutualism participants live on the other’s surface

A

Endosymbiosis and Ectosymbiosis

42
Q

Endosymbiosis and Ectosymbiosis:

Sea anemone (provide _______)
and clown fish (___________) from its waste)

A

shelter/protection
cleans/provide nutrients

43
Q

type of symbiosis that one species benefits and the other is not affected

A

Commensalism

44
Q

A type of symbiosis that one participant benefits, the
other neither benefits nor
harmed.

A

Commensalism

45
Q

Commensalism

Mantay ray (provide ______) to a school of bait fish from aerial _______

A

Protection
Predators

46
Q

A type of symbiosis that derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is
harmed in the process

A

Parasitism

47
Q
A
48
Q

Parasitism

It is the participant being harmed.

A

Host

49
Q

Parasitism

the participant that harms

A

Parasite

50
Q

Types of Parasitism:

A
  1. Obligate
  2. Parasitism
  3. Facultative Parasitism
  4. Ectoparasitism
  5. Endoparasitism
51
Q

Types of Parasitism:

life cycle depends on host

A

Obligate Parasitism

52
Q

Types of Parasitism:

Organisms can be a free-living but can be parasitic when given the opportunity

A

Facultative Parasitism

53
Q
  1. Facultative Parasitism

Naegleria fowleri is a __________amoeboid, but can infect humans

A

freshwater

54
Q

Types of Parasitism:

Parasitic participant lives outside or on hosts’ surface

A

Ectoparasitism

55
Q

What paratism?

Head lice on human hair

A

Ectoparasitism

56
Q

Types of Parasitism:

Parasitic participant lives within the host.

A

Endoparasitism

57
Q

What Paratism Example

A diseases called lymphatic filariasis (or elephantiasis) is caused by filarial roundworms blocking the lymphatic channels. Usually caused by Wuchereria

A

Endoparasitism bancrofti.

58
Q

One participant eats (kill) the other.

A

Predation

59
Q

Predation

the one who kills

A

Predator

60
Q

Predation

the one being killed

A

Prey

61
Q

A wolf hunting fish for food

A

Predation

62
Q

Predation refers to an interaction
◦Where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

A

Predation

63
Q

Feeding adaptations of predators include ◦____, ____, ____, ___, and ____

A

Claws, Teeth, Fangs, Stingers and Poison

64
Q

Animals also display
◦A great variety of _____adaptations

A

Defensive

65
Q

Predation

Adaptations to prevent/escape predation

A
  1. Camouflage
  2. Warning coloration
  3. Mimicry
66
Q

One is harmed when both are trying to use the same resource related to growth, reproduction, or survivability.

A

Competition

67
Q

It can occur between organisms of the same species, or between members of different species.

A

Competition

68
Q

The existence of one organism or population threatens
or competes with the other for resource and habitat.

A

Competition

69
Q

Types of Competition

participants are from the different species

A

Interspecific

70
Q

Types of Competition

participants are from the same species

A

Intraspecific

71
Q

Competition

______ can lead to competitive exclusion or the _______ of one of the two competing species

A

Strong competition
local elimination

72
Q

Competition

Hyenas and Lions compete for
buffalo carcass

A

Interspecific

73
Q

Competition

Two male zebras battle for
dominance to lead the herd

A

Intraspecific

74
Q

The interaction can be detrimental to both species

A

Competition (-/-)

75
Q

The interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other

A

Predation (+/-)
Parasitism (+/-)

76
Q

The interaction is beneficial to both species

A

Mutualism (+/+)

77
Q

One species benefits from the interaction, and
the other species is unaffected.

A

Commensalism (+/0)

78
Q
A

Environmental Science (8 decks)

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