Ecosystem Part 2 (General Principles in Ecology)

Question 1

is a community of different living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.

Answer 1

Ecosystem

Question 2

It is a collection of all organisms that live in a
particular place together
with their nonliving
environment.

Answer 2

Ecosystem

Question 3

Ecosystem has two types:

Answer 3

❑ Natural Ecosystem
❑ Artificial Ecosystem

Question 4

Natural Ecosystem can take in several forms:

Answer 4

❑ Terrestrial Ecosystem – land-based ecosystems

❑ Aquatic Ecosystem – ecosystems in body of water

Question 5

the living component of an ecosystem.

Answer 5

Biotic Factors

Question 6

are the non-living component of an ecosystem.

Answer 6

Abiotic Factors

Question 7

Climatic Factors:

Answer 7

Rain
Light
Wind
Temperature

Question 8

Edaphic Factors:

Answer 8

Soil
pH
Minerals
Topography

Question 9

Biotic Components kinds:

Answer 9

Producers (Autotrophs)
Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Decomposers (Saprotrophs)

Question 10

Consumers (Heterotrophs) kinds:

Answer 10

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quartenary

Question 11

Is the relative position of an entity in the food chain.

Answer 11

Trophic level

Question 12

▪It forms the feeding positions in a food web or chain.

Answer 12

Trophic level

Question 13

All food webs and chains have
at least two or three trophic
levels.

Answer 13

Trophic level

Question 14

The Autotrophs

Auto (means “________”) + trophḗ (aGreek word, meaning “_____”/“_______”/”_______”).

Answer 14

“self”
“food”
“nourishment”
”nutrition”

Question 15

Members of this tropic level are capable of producing their own food source.

Answer 15

The Autotrophs

Question 16

They acts as the food producers in a food chain.

Answer 16

The Autotrophs

Question 17

Give some examples of autotrophs:

Answer 17

Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Phytoplanktons

Question 18

Hetero-(means “_______”) + trophe (aGreek word, meaning “________”/“_____”/”____”).

Answer 18

“others”
“food”/“nourishment”/”nutrition”

Question 19

Organisms’ member of this tropic level depends on the producers for nourishment.

Answer 19

The Heterotrophs

Question 20

They acts as the consumers in a food chain.

Answer 20

The Heterotrophs

Question 21

Classification of
heterotrophs based on diets:

Answer 21

❖ Herbivore
❖ Carnivore
❖ Omnivore
❖ Microbivores
❖ Detritivores

Question 22

Microorganisms, including detritivores, feed on decomposing materials to break down its components into simpler molecules.

Answer 22

The Decomposers: Special Heterotrophs

Question 23

❑ Shows a series of transfer of energy (food)
❑ Involves the organisms in different trophic levels in transferring energy.
❑ “Who eats what”
❑ Food web: Interconnecting food chains

Answer 23

Food Chain

Question 24

process of eating and being eaten

Answer 24

Food Chain:

Question 25

consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem.

Answer 25

Food Web

Question 26

▪Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains.

Answer 26

Food Web

Question 27

is one possiblepath that energy and nutrients may take as they move through the ecosystem.

Answer 27

Food Web

Question 28

depicts how energy and biomass decrease from lower to higher trophic levels.

Answer 28

Ecological Pyramid

Question 29

❑Symbiosis (from Greek συμβίωσις, symbíōsis, _________, from σύν, sýn, "together", and βίωσις, bíōsis, _____) is any type of a closeand long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms.

Answer 29

Symbiotic Relationships

Question 30

can be obligatory, which means that one or more of the symbionts depend on each other for survival, or facultative (optional), when they can generally live independently.

Answer 30

Symbiosis

Question 31

is also classified by physical attachment

Answer 31

Symbiosis

Question 32

It is biological relationshipor interaction between organisms.

Answer 32

Symbiotic Relationship

Question 33

Types of symbiosis:

Answer 33

❑ Mutualism ❑ Commensalism ❑ Parasitism ❑ Predation ❑ Competition

Question 34

Is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

Answer 34

Mutualism

Question 35

A Mutualism for protection

Answer 35

Defensive

Question 36

A mutualism one cannot survive without resorting mutualism to other

Answer 36

Obligate

Question 37

Defensive: Acacia plant (provides _____) and acacia ants Pseudomyrmex ferruginea (provides ___)

Answer 37

Food Defense

Question 38

Obligate: The Theory of ______ (dependency)

Answer 38

Endosymbiosis

Question 39

A mutualism Can live independently but can provide benefits to both

Answer 39

Protocooperation

Question 40

Protocooperation: Plants (provide ____) and bees (helps in _____)

Answer 40

Nutrients Pollination

Question 41

A mutualism participants live on the other’s surface

Answer 41

Endosymbiosis and Ectosymbiosis

Question 42

Endosymbiosis and Ectosymbiosis: Sea anemone (provide _______) and clown fish (___________) from its waste)

Answer 42

shelter/protection cleans/provide nutrients

Question 43

type of symbiosis that one species benefits and the other is not affected

Answer 43

Commensalism

Question 44

A type of symbiosis that one participant benefits, the other neither benefits nor harmed.

Answer 44

Commensalism

Question 45

Commensalism Mantay ray (provide ______) to a school of bait fish from aerial _______

Answer 45

Protection Predators

Question 46

A type of symbiosis that derives its nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

Answer 46

Parasitism

Question 48

Parasitism It is the participant being harmed.

Answer 48

Host

Question 49

Parasitism the participant that harms

Answer 49

Parasite

Question 50

Types of Parasitism:

Answer 50

1. Obligate 2. Parasitism 3. Facultative Parasitism 4. Ectoparasitism 5. Endoparasitism

Question 51

Types of Parasitism: life cycle depends on host

Answer 51

Obligate Parasitism

Question 52

Types of Parasitism: Organisms can be a free-living but can be parasitic when given the opportunity

Answer 52

Facultative Parasitism

Question 53

2. Facultative Parasitism Naegleria fowleri is a __________amoeboid, but can infect humans

Answer 53

freshwater

Question 54

Types of Parasitism: Parasitic participant lives outside or on hosts’ surface

Answer 54

Ectoparasitism

Question 55

What paratism? Head lice on human hair

Answer 55

Ectoparasitism

Question 56

Types of Parasitism: Parasitic participant lives within the host.

Answer 56

Endoparasitism

Question 57

What Paratism Example A diseases called lymphatic filariasis (or elephantiasis) is caused by filarial roundworms blocking the lymphatic channels. Usually caused by Wuchereria

Answer 57

Endoparasitism bancrofti.

Question 58

One participant eats (kill) the other.

Answer 58

Predation

Question 59

Predation the one who kills

Answer 59

Predator

Question 60

Predation the one being killed

Answer 60

Prey

Question 61

A wolf hunting fish for food

Answer 61

Predation

Question 62

Predation refers to an interaction ◦Where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

Answer 62

Predation

Question 63

Feeding adaptations of predators include ◦____, ____, ____, ___, and ____

Answer 63

Claws, Teeth, Fangs, Stingers and Poison

Question 64

Animals also display ◦A great variety of _____adaptations

Answer 64

Defensive

Question 65

Predation Adaptations to prevent/escape predation

Answer 65

1. Camouflage 2. Warning coloration 3. Mimicry

Question 66

One is harmed when both are trying to use the same resource related to growth, reproduction, or survivability.

Answer 66

Competition

Question 67

It can occur between organisms of the same species, or between members of different species.

Answer 67

Competition

Question 68

The existence of one organism or population threatens or competes with the other for resource and habitat.

Answer 68

Competition

Question 69

Types of Competition participants are from the different species

Answer 69

Interspecific

Question 70

Types of Competition participants are from the same species

Answer 70

Intraspecific

Question 71

Competition ______ can lead to competitive exclusion or the _______ of one of the two competing species

Answer 71

Strong competition local elimination

Question 72

Competition Hyenas and Lions compete for buffalo carcass

Answer 72

Interspecific

Question 73

Competition Two male zebras battle for dominance to lead the herd

Answer 73

Intraspecific

Question 74

The interaction can be detrimental to both species

Answer 74

Competition (-/-)

Question 75

The interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other

Answer 75

Predation (+/-) Parasitism (+/-)

Question 76

The interaction is beneficial to both species

Answer 76

Mutualism (+/+)

Question 77

One species benefits from the interaction, and the other species is unaffected.

Answer 77

Commensalism (+/0)