ecosystems biodiversity and management topic 3 paper 1 Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
what are the worlds main biomes
A
temperate, Tundra, Boreal, Tropical, Desert
2
Q
where are temperate biomes found?
A
central/ western europe
3
Q
where are tundra biomes found?
A
Arctic/ Antarctic
4
Q
where are boreal biomes found?
A
Northern hemisphere America
5
Q
where are tropical biomes found?
A
either side of the equator
6
Q
where are desert biomes found?
A
close to the tropics of cancer and capricorn
7
Q
what are the features of temperate biomes?
A
high rainfall
seasonal variations in suns rays
trees loose their leaves in winters
8
Q
what are the features of a tundra biome?
A
sun gives little heat
little rainfall
only short grasses survive
9
Q
what are the features of a boreal biome?
A
at high latitudes
sun rays are weak
trees adapt needle like leaves
10
Q
what are the features of a tropical biome?
A
hot humid temperatures
heavy rainfall
no seasons
11
Q
what are the features of a desert biome?
A
hot dry air sinks
sun rays high concentrated
very hot in the day
12
Q
what are the climate factors affecting the of distribution of biomes?
A
temperature - lower at high altitudes
precipitation
sunshine hours - lower less photosynthesis
13
Q
what are the local factors affecting the distribution of biomes?
A
rock and soil type - different vegetation
Altitude differences- different plants
14
Q
what are the resources provided by the biosphere?
A
Food - fish, meat
fuel - tree shrubs
medicine- aloe plant helps skin conditions
building materials- timber
15
Q
how is the biosphere being exploited?
A
commercial exploitation of energy and water due to high increasing demand
16
Q
what are UK marine ecosystems useful for?
A
tourism -generates local income
Energy - high wind helps reduce fossil fuels
fishing- provides jobs
17
Q
how are marine ecosystems being degraded?
A
overfishing- impact ecosystem damages food chain
climate change- more new species alters food web
development of coastline- lead to disturbance of wildlife
fertilisers -chemicals reach contaminate water
18
Q
what are the Uks main ecosystems?
A
moorland
heathland
woodland
wetland
19
Q
where are moorlands found in the uk?
A
upland areas
20
Q
where are heathlands found in the uk?
A
lowland areas
21
Q
where are woodlands found in the uk?
A
new forest
22
Q
where are wetlands found in the uk?
A
scotland and East anglia
23
Q
what are biotic features of tropical rainforests?
A
indigenous tribes hunt for food
24
Q
what are abiotic features of the TRF?
A
leaching
chemical weathering
25
what is the climate of the tropical rainforest?
very wet and humid 2000m plus of rainfall a year ago
26
What is the germsmel model like in the TRF?
biomass is the largest store soil and litter are small nutrient stores
27
what is biodiversity?
the variety of life within a specific area
28
why does the TRF have high biodiversity?
most productive large scale ecosystem
oldest ecosystem - species have adapted for longer
layered structure- variety of habitats + wildlife
hot wet climate
no seasons
long hours of sunlight more photosynthesis
29
how have plants adapted to the TRF? how does this help them?
EMERGENT TREES: grow 40m above canopy => get more light for photosynthesis
DECIDUOUS TREES: trees in the trf are deciduous loose their leaves in drier periods => this helps conserve water
LIANAS PLANTS: climb tree trunks => reach light
DRIP TIPS: thick waxy leaves with drip tips water can run off the plant => prevents mould growing and rotting leaves
BUTTRESS ROOTS: nutrients are only in the top layer of soil means there are shallow roots => buttress roots help with stability
30
how have animals adapted in the TRF? how does this help them to survive?
MAIN CANOPY => MONKEYS => strong gripping hands and feet/long tails => to balance and find food fruit and berries that are found 30-40m up
SHRUB LAYER => many species are camouflage => to match surroundings
HERB LAYER => 3% of sunlight reaches this layer species evolved camouflage => help them hide in the shadows
31
what are the goods provided by the tropical rainforests?
> source of food for indigenous tribes
> diverse plant range key for ingredients in drugs
> timber for furniture construction and fuel
32
what are the services the TRF provides?
> act as a carbon store for trees take in 2bilion tons of carbon per year
> home to many indigenous tribes
> source of revenue and it’s a popular tourist destination
33
what are the effects of climate change on structure in the TRF?
long periods of drier conditions could slow down or stop the process of decomposition reducing the biomass store
34
what are the effects of climate change on the functioning of the trf?
longer periods of drier conditions could stop ‘cloud functioning’ this process provides water for the ecosystem
35
what are the effects of climate change on the biodiversity of the trf?
changes in climate conditions like less rainfall threaten survival of plant and animal species leading to invasion of non TRF species that are more tolerant to the changing conditions
36
which threat is greater? the threat to biodiversity, functioning or structure of the trf?
the greatest threat is structure because long periods of drier conditions will slow down the process of decomposition. This then releases less nutrients into the soil meaning the will be less nutrients available to be taken in by plants this will then have an impact and reduce biodiversity in the rainforest
37
what are three causes of deforestation in tropical rainforests?
resource extraction, population pressure and conversation to agriculture
38
what are some examples of recourse extraction in the Trf?
ILLEGAL LOGGING - high demand for timber in the western world leading to high amounts of logging
ROAD BUILDING- to transport resources like iron ore and timber often built without proper controls
MINING - rising demand and rising prices for minerals in the rainforest
39
what are some examples of conversion to agriculture in the TRF?
CATTLE RANCHING - needs vast areas of land biggest cause of deforestation in the amazon
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE- land cleared to grow crops quickly loose their nutrients so farmers clear more
OIL PALM PLANTATIONS - in demand as ingredients in food cosmetics and as biofuel
40
what is an example of how population press is causing deforestation in the TRF?
rapid population growth- rising demand for housing agriculture madagascar population 4 million in 1950 20.7 million in 2010
41
What is a large scale ecosystem?
A vast region of the Earth with similar climate vegetation and animal life
42
43
how have political factors contributed to the sustainable management of the Amazon?
National for belong to the government government can grant timber companies concession to manage certain areas 31 national for covering 16,000,000 hectares
Biodiversity survey must be carried out before logging to establish which areas need protection
44
how have social factors contributed to the sustainable management of the Amazon rainforest?
Commodity value= sustainable management or reduced impact logging can be more profitable than clear all methods reduced impact logging is 12% cheaper than conventional logging
In parts of the Amazon timber firms are realising that undamaged for us is a commercial asset that can yield sustainable income
Eco tourism = construction visitor centres used to help educate people and tourists about the i importance of conserving the local area
Alternative forms of employment, the locals not involving clearing forest for example tour guides
45
what does the nutrient cycle look like in the deciduous woodland and why?
In deciduous woodlands the biomass and soil stores as a similar size letter is smaller
46
what are the abiotic biotic characteristics of deciduous?
abiotic= human shape deciduous woodland by walking cycling horse riding and picnics
Biotic = thick layer of leaf for each year creates deep fertile soil- plants in her layer blossom before larger plants grow their leaves which block sunlight
bogs and ponds provide habitats for range of plant and animal species
47
how a different parts of the deciduous woodland interdependent?
The decay of leaf letter returns vital nutrients to the soil, which are then absorbed by plant roots for growth. This cycle also involves the breakdown of dead organisms releasing nutrients back into the environment.
48
how a different part of the tropical rainforest interdependent
Plants provide food and shelter for a variety of animals animals consume the plants and contribute to nutrient cycling interdependence. The animals rely of plants for survival plants growth is helped by animal activity.
49
why do deciduous woodlands have moderate biodiversity?
Lower food production level levels in winter
Smaller size ecosystem means less space
Higher latitude lower sunlight hours
Rainfall all year round
Four layers create a range of wildlife habitats
50
How have plants adapted to life in deciduous woodlands?
deciduous trees drop leaves in winter to conserve energy in cold conditions
Trees spread their branches wide to allow greater access to sunlight
Deciduous trees have a, large, deep root system disability and reaching nutrient and ground water
51
How have animals adapted to life in deciduous woodlands?
birds migrate from the UK and winter they can live in warmer conditions
Squirrels store food in spring and summer to use for winter means they don’t go hungry when there is less food available
Animals like hedgehogs hibernating in winter helps them to conserve energy energy
52
what are the goods provided by deciduous Woodlands?
Wood use for fuel and woodburning stores
wood pallets used in power stations to burn biomass
13 million tons of timber per year used in UK construction
53
What are the services deciduous woodlands provide?
act as a carbon store stores 1 million tons of carbon a year
Protects rare plant and animal species
Regular used for cycling horse riding and walking
54
How can climate change present a threat to the structure of the deciduous woodland?
Rising temperatures means dry conditions. This increases the risk of forest fires could cause significant damage to plants and animals.
55
how can climate change present a threat to the functioning of the deciduous woodland?
Increase periods of drought could threaten the survival of deciduous woodland trees because they become more vulnerable to diseases
56
How can climate change present as a threat to biodiversity of the deciduous woodland?
milder winters could mean the pests could survive in warmer conditions causing a rise and disease that could pests vulnerable species in danger
57
what are the economic and social factors causing deforestation?
Replanting with coniferous trees 30% of deciduous woodland has been cleared in the 20th century
Coniferous is more economic faster growing easier to manage quicker return
Cost of conifer plantations, dense canopy block light monoculture means less variety non-native species and reduces biodiversity
Need for farm land= most land cleared centuries ago so rising demand affects ancient woodland
Hire car owner= demand for wider roads to ease congestion
Land to build new homes= pressure on greenbelt sites warehouses can fetch higher prices
58
What are the different approaches to the sustainable use and management of the new forest?
New trees planted to replace those cut down
The green leaf tourism scheme promotes use of local products businesses give percentage of land for wildlife and encourage visitors to walk and use bikes
Careful management by national Park authority dedicated walking cycling routes in fragile areas
Awareness raising by MPA leaflets posters on importance of sustainability in the New Forest
Land owners funded to plant native trees and species by national park authority
Sustainable transport schemes for Tourist helping to reduce congestion and air pollution
pesticide use limited to prevent damage of natural eco-systems
Work restricted between April and August minimise disturbance to nesting birds
Tree felling controlled some trees left old trees fell and left to rock on forest floor
