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Geography > global develpoment topic 2 paper 2 > Flashcards

global develpoment topic 2 paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is development

A

a term that measures how advanced a country is compared to others. it’s about a standard of living in an area

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2
Q

what are the factors affecting development of a country?

A

social - acsess to healthcare and education
economic - personal wealth/income
food and water security
Technology- internet access and electricity
cultural - work life balance

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3
Q

how may a low income country develop?

A

investment in farming
electricity grid reaches rural areas
new roads railways connect rural areas with cities
literacy rates rise - better job prospects
gender equality improves

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4
Q

how can you measure development?

A

infant mortality
access to safe water
life expectancy
death rate
Adult literacy
birth rate
GNI per capita
people per doctor

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5
Q

what does HDI stand for?

A

human development index

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6
Q

what does hdi measure and do?

A

takes three development indicators GNI per capita, life expectancy, mean years in education to get a holistic view of how developed a country is

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7
Q

explain how water security contributes to the human development of a country’s?

A

Access to safe water helps development. safe water improves people’s quality of life as they are drinking healthy clean water that cannot give them diseases meaning children can go to school and woman can work instead of spending days fetching clean water

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8
Q

what is political corruption?

A

quality of government from highly corrupt to very clean

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9
Q

what is gni coefficient measurement?

A

0 to 1

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10
Q

how does development vary in the uk?

A

south east england people generally have a higher standard of living then in the north and the rest of the uk

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11
Q

what are factors effect development and inequality in the Uk?

A

physical - remoteness or accessibility of an area, the potential for industry
Historical - links with particular industry impact of deindustrialisation
Economic- employment rates and salaries, house prices, state of infrastructure

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12
Q

what are factors effecting development and inequality’s globally

A

Physical- size of a country, natural hazards, landlocked or not tropical or temperate climate
Historical- colonial links, trading relationships
Economic- type of economy, debt, investment in health and education

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13
Q

what are impacts of global development?

A

employment - limited in developing countries people work in lower paid labour jobs
food water security - Developing countries lack access to food clean water lead to malnutrition and dehydration
health - healthcare limited in developing countries fewer doctors and poor facilities
access to housing - many people don’t have access to housing 30% of world live in slums
Education - literacy rates are low in developing world few schools poor attendance people with leat education have largest families lead to debt and malnutrition
Technology - less investment in technology less poor have skills to use it appropriate technology can be more effective

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14
Q

what is international aid?

A

where one country voluntarily transfers recourses to another country. it provides vital income for many poor countries and helps reduce uneven global development

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15
Q

what does international aid do?

A

pays for imports like machinery and oil, address shortages of skills needed for development, support accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure

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16
Q

sate what inter - governmental agreements are?

A

agreements made between two or more governments to cooperate in some way.

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17
Q

explain how trade help reduce uneven development?

A

trade agreements such as removing trade barriers can reduce uneven development by helping developing countries to increase trade for example open trading between the EU and China

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18
Q

what does FDI stand for?

A

foreign direct investment

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19
Q

what is FDI?

A

when a company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does.

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20
Q

sate the advantages of FDI?

A

brings in investment
brings in big brands - widens consumer market
Foreign companies may be able to pay more- pushes up wages

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21
Q

state the disadvantages of FDI?

A

big brands can outsell local products
FDI not always reliable- investors can pull out
lack of regulation can have negative implications like environmental consequences and industrial accidents

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22
Q

what is fair trade and how is it beneficial?

A

fair trade producers in developing countries work together to deal directly with retailers in developed countries to get fairer conditions and better prices for their goods. Fair trade makes up less than 1% of total world trade

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23
Q

explain how debt relief can be used as a strategy to reduce uneven global development.

A

Many of the world’s poorer countries struggle to make the annual repayments associa

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24
Q

Explain one way international aid can reduce uneven global development.

A

one way international aid can help reduce uneven development is by paying for imports like machinery and oil this means that by transferring recourses a country can generate more income, invest in infrastructure education and healthcare improving the quality of life across a country

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25
what is a top down project?
led by government or transnational corporations (TNCs)
26
what are bottom up projects?
led by community’s and NGOs
27
what are the advantages of top down projects?
large scale affect on a national level so more noticed and beneficial to whole country expensive usually paid for by banks so money doesn’t run out in projects
28
what are the disadvantages of Top down projects?
funding may come with strings attached technology may not be appropriate and may need experts to maintain and install changes may distrupt smaller communities
29
what are the advantages on Bottom up projects?
effective for small areas and bring big differences to local communities don’t take a long time to put in place less people involved
30
what are the disadvantages of bottom up projects?
don’t have as much money as top down can’t be as effective may have restrictions
31
what is the location of india globally?
India is located in the northern hemisphere located in the continent of asia one of the largest countries by area in the world
32
what is india’s regional location?
southern india borders the Indian ocean inland India shares international borders with bangladesh, burma bhutan, Nepal and pakistan.
33
what is the political context of india?
member of global groups including the world trade organisation and united nations largest country in the Indian subcontinent
34
what is india’s social context?
social ranks known as castes assigned at birth, divide india’s society over 20milion Indian diaspora (scattered groups) located in approximately 100 countries
35
what is India’s cultural context?
over 80% of the population is hindu third largest muslim population in the world
36
what are the trends/development patterns across India?
development across india is uneven with the core regions like Mumbai being the most economically advanced and the periphery regions like bihar having little development (lower due to the harsher physical environments)
37
why is development uneven across India?
there has been greater economic investment in core region and cities in india than in the periphery therefore they are more developed and advanced areas with better job opportunities and better quality of life than in regions like bihar whos main industrie is agriculture and they have less advanced qualities of life due to lower investment as it isn’t an area of use
38
what has happened to india’s economy over time?
the primary sector in india (resource extraction) has decreased from 58% - 26% due to mechanisation the secondary sector (manufacturing )has increased slowly 15% - 22% the tertiary sector (services ) has increased the most 27% - 52% the Quaternary sector (research) has increased
39
what impacts have these economic changes had on india?
positive: increased income as jobs in the tertiary sector pay more increased GDP increased investment from TNCs growing economy negative impacts: loss of farming jobs - unemployed and untrained more more air and water pollution from factories increased inequality between rural and urban areas
40
what are india’s main exports?
electronics like telephones, palm oil, crude oil, gold and silver
41
what are india’s main exports?
diamonds jewlery
42
what has happened to the amount of aid India gives and receives?
gives more aid than before and receives less
43
what is public investment?
investment from the government
44
what is private investment?
investment from TNCs and private small businesses
45
what has happened to the balance of public and private investment in India
1990s reduced the divide between public and private investment and encouraged more private investment
46
what changes have happened to India’s demographics over the last 30years?
population structure: age increasing population older less young dependence’s access to conception greater old dependence’s improved healthcare life expectancy: in 1985 life expectancy was 54 in 2020 it was 70, FINISHHHHHHHHH
47
how has india changed socially?
Growing middle class: urbanisation and education, growing consumer market could be world’s biggest in 2030 Improved Education: greater investment in schools- higher government priority, literacy rates rise, strong private education sector Increased Inequality: wider gap between rich and poor, continuing low status of poorer women and older people not benefiting from progress
48
what does the term geopolitics mean?
The impacts of a country’s human and physical geography on it’s international politics and relationships
49
how have helpful geopolitical relationships affected india’s development?
healthy relationship with Canada provides 3.2 million kilos of uranium this supports development because leads to more investment in energy and infrastructure Healthy relationship with Russia support military fighters this supports development as they have increased income from exports that they can use to invest in education and healthcare
50
how have poor geopolitical relationships affected India’s development?
Poor relationships with pakistan over territory of kashmir this hinders development because it has lead to several wars when they could have spent money on investment in education and healthcare
51
52
what are india’s main imports?
telephones and palm oil crude oil gold silver electronics
53
what are india’s main exports?
oil products gems and jewellery
54
what has happened to how much aid india gives and receives?
give more aid than before and receive less aid than before
55
what is public investment?
investment from the government
56
what is private investment?
investment from TNCs private or smaller businesses
57
what has happened to the balance of public and private investment in India?
1990s reduced the divide between public and private investment encouraged more private investment
58
what changes have happened to India’s demographics over the last 30 years?
Population Structure: less young dependants more access to conception greater old dependence’s improved healthcare older community Life Expectancy: risen from 54 in 1985 to 70 in 2020 the key factors reduced infant mortality rate fewer children dying before 5 years old - reduced maternal mortality rate fewer mothers dying in childbirth
59
how has india changed socially?
Growing middle class: urbanisation and education growing consumer market could be the world’s biggest by 2030 Improved Education: greater investment in schools due to increased government priorities literacy rates risen strong private education sector Increased Inequality: wider gap between the rich and the poor, continuing low status of poorer women and older people not benefiting from the progress
60
how have positive geopolitical relationships affected India’s development?
helpful relationship with Canada provides 3.2 million kilos of uranium this supports development because leads to more investment in energy and infrastructure helpful relationship with Russia provides military support this supports development as there is increased income from exports leads to more investment in education and healthcare
61
how have negative geopolitical relationships affected India’s development?
poor relationship with China: over water resources poor relationship with Pakistan: over territory of kashmir this hinders development as it leads to several wars when more money could be spent on infrastructure and education and healthcare instead of fighting
62
How has technology and connectivity supported development in India?
India’s technology has expanded fast its the world’s second largest wireless network the ICT industry provides millions of jobs in India and can be used to support people who are physically isolated like getting online jobs to get more money.
63
how has technology and connectivity increased inequality development in India?
the advancement in technology more likely to benefit the young, urban and the wealthy but less likely to benefit the elderly, rural, poor and disabled 61 million broadband and connections in india more than 50% are found in 5 states out of 29
64
What are the positive effects of rapid development? social economic and environmental
SOCIAL: Better access to healthcare -lower infant mortality- , better jobs and income -reduced poverty-, improved community spirit from newly formed groups ECONOMIC: rise in consumerism - strong economy-, increase in tourism- new jobs more state income-, larger workforce ENVIRONMENTAL: potential to invest in technologies- renewable energy-
65
what are the negative effects of rapid development? social economic and environmental
SOCIAL: pollution in cities- poor public health-, lack of housing- slums and shanty towns-, men/young people benefit most women/older people left behind ECONOMIC: cost of dealing with the environment and social problems- less investment in education and healthcare, cost of installing new infrastructure, pressure and cost to provide more services ENVIRONMENTAL: logging and land clearance- deforestation-, increased C02 emissions- climate change, more chemicals used in industry/agriculture - water pollution- , desertification and deforestation- lower biodiversity-
66
How have India tried to manage the impacts of rapid development?
INDC — plan to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, invest in solar, wind and nuclear power, Aforestation increasing carbon sink Smart cities — scheme to improve QOL and equality in 2015- 2020 in 100 cities — updating infrastructure and electricity, water and improving public transport, more affordable housing, makes them seem more proactive
67
Are the impacts of rapid development more positive or negative?
68
How successful have India been in managing the problem and improving their global status?

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