paper 1 topic 2 weather hazards and climate change

Question 1

what are the three cells weather?

Answer 1

Pollar cell feral cell Hadley cell

Question 2

what is climate like at the Pollar cell?

Answer 2

Cool

Question 3

What is climate like at the Ferrell cell?

Answer 3

Warm

Question 4

what is climate like at the Hadley cell?

Answer 4

Hot

Question 5

how does circulation cells re-distribute heat around the Earth?

Answer 5

1= at the equator warm air rises to 15 km causing low pressure. The air current cools and divides north and south to form Hadley cells. The cool sinks north and south of the equator leading to high pressure.
2= some called a move back towards the equator as tradewinds. The rest travels towards the poles forming the lower parts of the feral cells.
3= 60° north and south the warmer air of the feral cells meets colder polar air. The warmer air rises to form polar cells. This air travels towards the poles, where it sink and cools, forming areas of high pressure.

Question 6

how do ocean currents red distribute heat around the Earth?

Answer 6

When driven surf is currents move warm water towards the poles and cold water towards the equator. The Arctic water is cold and dense so sinks and travels towards the equator. The warm air at the equator rises to be a surface current.

Question 7

How has the global climate changed over the quaternary period?

Answer 7

More than 60 cold periods with ice advances lasting about 100,000 years
Warmer interglacial period lasting 15,000 years
Recent last 250 years earths temperature has risen significantly

Question 8

what are the main causes of natural climate change?

Answer 8

Milenković cycles, solar radiation, volcanism

Question 9

What are the Milenković cycles?

Answer 9

long-term changes to the earths orbit and position changing the climate
Eccentricity cycle = the earths orbit changes approximately every 100,000 years. More circular orbit.= warmer periods; more elliptical orbit= colder periods
Axel tilt cycle = roughly every 40,000 years the tilt of the earths axis varies. Great angle of tilt means hottest summer and colder winters.
Procession cycle = the Earth wobbles on its axis roughly every 24,000 years, changing the direction the axis and facing. This can affect the differences between seasons.

Question 10

What happens if there is high solar radiation?

Answer 10

hotter climate inter glacial periods

Question 11

what happens when there is high volcanic activity?

Answer 11

Cooler periods, clouds block sunlight

Question 12

what is the main evidence for natural climate change?

Answer 12

Ice cores= volcanic ash micro air bubbles reveal information of climate when the ice was formed
Pollen record records = provide evidence on on warm and cold conditions
Tree rings= when tree rings wider growth means warmer wet climate when smaller, dry and cold climate
Historical sources = diaries give us evidence of what life was like at the time

Question 13

what are the human causes of climate change?

Answer 13

Farming, industry, transport, energy

Question 14

how have human activities produce greenhouse gases that cause the greenhouse effect?

Answer 14

Industry= rising demand the consumer goods increases production, burning more fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases
Energy = new technologies and population growth increased demand for electricity produced from coal, oil and natural gas, which all produce greenhouse gases.
Farming = global population growth increases demand for food. mechanisation burns more fuel and the demand for meat for Western style diet increases methane levels
Transport = rising affluence increases car ownership and air travel, releasing more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere

Question 15

What are the negative effects of climate change on the environment?

Answer 15

melting eye sheets add to waters oceans making sea levels rise Arctic melting could cause the Gulfstream to move further south leading to colder temperatures in Western Europe
Rising sea levels will cause coastal flooding soils will be contaminated with salt causing plants to die

Question 16

What are the negative effects of climate change on people?

Answer 16

changes in climate near the equator could mean longer periods of less rainfall so lower crop yields
Low line islands like the Maldives face greater flood risk from rising sea levels there will be more coastal flooding lots of beaches some islands will have to be evacuated

Question 17

What does the UK climate look like?

Answer 17

The UK has a temperate wet climate. Extreme weather is rare but meeting of major air matters makes frontal rainfall common.

North Northwest Britain, mild winters, cool summers north east Britain cold winters cool summers Southwest Britain, mild winters, warm summers south east Britain cold winters warm summers

Question 18

how has the UK’s climate changed over the past thousand years?

Answer 18

During the mediaeval warm period high temperatures meant greater crop yields and growing population. This was due to increase solar radiation and decrease volcanic activity.
During the little ice age temperatures were low enough to freeze the Thames due to increase volcanic activity and decrease solar radiation

Question 19

how has the UK’s location affected its climate?

Answer 19

Maritime influence = most of the air reaching the UK contains lots of moisture we are surrounded by sea leading to rainfall all
prevailing winds = the providing wins for the UK comes from the south-west. This air travels long distances over the Atlantic Ocean bringing moisture leading to more rainfall.
North Atlantic drift = this ocean current brings warm water north to the UK in the winter. This makes the UK climate then would be expected.
Atmospheric circulation = the UK is near the boundary between the northern Ferrell and Pollar circulation cells. This is where warmer from the south and cooler air from the north meet causing unsettled weather.
Altitude = the higher an area is the cold and wet it is so areas of the UK vairy

Question 20

how are tropical storms formed?

Answer 20

Need a source of warm moist air ocean temperature of 27° plus
1= rising warm air causes thunderstorms which grew together making a strong flow
2= an area of very low pressure forms at the centre of the converged storms
3= the storms rotate accelerating in and up forming a tropical cyclone

Question 21

How does global atmospheric circulation affect tropical storm location?

Answer 21

Tropical storms forming areas where a rotation force created by the Coriolis effect forms part of the global circulation of the atmosphere. The rotation is due to deflecting of the winds moving north and south of the equator.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of tropical storms?

Answer 22

form a cylinder arising spiralling, a surrounding an eye of descending high pressure
Very low pressure
Clouds that surround the eye
Often 400 km wide and 10 km high

Question 23

what are the frequencies of tropical storms? When do they happen and why?

Answer 23

They are more likely to happen in cooler years, but numbers are hard to predict

Question 24

what is the distribution of tropical storms?

Answer 24

June to November in the northern tropics November to April in the southern tropics

Question 25

What are the five hazards associated with tropical storms?

Answer 25

High winds storm surges landslides coastal flooding intense rainfall

Question 26

What is our name case study for developed country tropical storm?

Answer 26

Hurricane Sandy America

Question 27

what are the social impacts of hurricane Sandy?

Answer 27

Death toll of at least 150 people Many areas left without electricity Homes and businesses damaged Schools closed for days

Question 28

what are the economic impacts of hurricane Sandy?

Answer 28

Estimated property damaged of US$65 billion Government had to pay for petrol to be brought in as supplies run out Income from tourism affected by cancellation of New York marathon

Question 29

what are the environmental impacts of hurricane Sandy?

Answer 29

Storm surge caused significant damage to coastal nature reserves like the prime hook national wildlife refugee in Delaware Raw sewage leaked into the waters around New York and New Jersey damaging habitats

Question 30

what are the responses of individuals to hurricane Sandy?

Answer 30

The concert for Sandy relief with artists such as Bon Jovi

Question 31

What were organisations responses to hurricane Sandy?

Answer 31

The American Red Cross helped by providing relief to victims

Question 32

What was the government’s response to hurricane Sandy?

Answer 32

Billions of dollars were voted through legislation to help with rebuilding and supporting victims New York set up a new local government office to support the rebuilding

Question 33

what is our name case study for a tropical cyclone in a developing country?

Answer 33

Typhoon Hayan the Philippines

Question 34

What were the social impacts of typhoon high on the Philippines?

Answer 34

an estimated 6000 people were killed and many more missing Significant loss of power And estimated 600,000 people displayed from their homes Many homes left destroyed

Question 35

what were the economic impacts of typhoon haiyan on the Philippines?

Answer 35

estimated damage US$2 billion Damage and destruction to infrastructure block transport across Ireland making provision of age and support difficult and expensive

Question 36

what were the environmental impacts of typhoon Hayan on the Philippines?

Answer 36

Mangroves damaged across the islands Trees are rooted Oil spills from a tanker caused sea pollution

Question 37

what were individuals responses to typhoon Hyam?

Answer 37

People in countries such as the UK in Canada gave money towards the relief efforts

Question 38

what were organisations responses to typhoon haiyan?

Answer 38

The world health organisation coordinated the international response to help the Philippine government meet the acute need for health care service services

Question 39

what were government’s responses to typhoon haiyan?

Answer 39

In order to direct funds to help support of the aftermath the Philippines were put in a state of national calamity aid in the form of loans and grants was provided by countries like the UK which gave a £10 million package including emergency shelter water and household items

Question 40

which tropical storm suffered worse affects and why?

Answer 40

Because they suffered more social impacts like death which are harder to return from them economic the social impacts also impact the economic impacts as less people are working or able to work

Question 41

how are Arid environments different from a drought?

Answer 41

Ari areas are usually dry climate have high pressure leading to low low precipitation low annual precipitation around 10 to 250 mm per year high pressure and low cloud formation mostly located in the tropics 23.5° north and south of the equator Whereas drought is temporary low precipitation conditions 15 consecutive days without rainfall can be located anywhere globally

Question 42

What are the human causes of drought?

Answer 42

human= deforestation can cause drought because trees reduce evaporation water and add to atmospheric moisture by transpiration- damn building can restrict the flow of water in a river lowering water levels and volume causing drought conditions further down stream

Question 43

what are the causes of drought?

Answer 43

Meteorological hydrological and human

Question 44

what is meteorological cause of drought?

Answer 44

This is where an area receives less than average precipitation

Question 45

What is the cause of hydrological drought?

Answer 45

This is where the hydrological cycle receives less rainfall than normal less precipitation means ground water supplies and reservoirs are not refilled leading to drought conditions

Question 46

how does global circulation make some locations more vulnerable to drought than other?

Answer 46

Where are the Hadley cell and Farrell cell circulations are such as Africa’s sahel, descending dry air means there is little precipitation rainfall occurs during wet season if the rains do not come the area has dropped conditions. If they’re near the equator

Question 47

Why are droughts hazardous?

Answer 47

contamination of water, wildfires, reduction in crop yields and migration

Question 48

what is our case study on a drought in a developed country?

Answer 48

USA California drought

Question 49

what were the impacts of the California drought on people?

Answer 49

costing California US$2.7 billion a year means less state money to spend on services for people Warm and windy weather led to wildfires risk to peoples lives and property 542,000 acres taken out of crop production loss of food and income Increased extraction from ground water causing subsidence infrastructure and buildings damaged

Question 50

what were the impacts of the California drought on ecosystems?

Answer 50

Water diverted so wetlands and rivers get less this impacts the natural environment and wildlife for example rivers two low of salmon to breed in Warm and windy weather lead to wildfires means environmental damage air pollution destroyed wildlife and habitat

Question 51

what was the government’s response to the California drought?

Answer 51

public education campaigns such as save our water Brought in state laws requiring a 25% cut in water use in California

Question 52

what were organisations response to the California drought

Answer 52

University of California research project for effectively managing ground water

Question 53

what were individuals response to the California drought?

Answer 53

Farmers encouraged to use water efficient irrigation such as drip irrigation homeowners encouraged to check for water leaks Protest campaign against companies selling bottled local water

Question 54

what is a named case study for a drought in a developing country?

Answer 54

Ethiopia drought

Question 55

what were the impacts of the Ethiopian drought on people?

Answer 55

Death of livestock causes a food crisis Lots of crops means maze price rocket People eat less they become weak from malnutrition and more vulnerable to disease Girls have to walk further to get water so I can’t go to school Long grasses used for roofing cannot grow so homes are unprotected

Question 56

what were the impacts of the Ethiopian drought on ecosystems?

Answer 56

Loss of habitat for fish and wildlife due to low water levels in reservoir, lakes and ponds Increase in disease in wild animals because of reduced food and water supplies Migration of wildlife Loss of 200,000 hectares of forest every year due to forest fires Extinction of some species Wind and water erosion of soil

Question 57

What were government response to the Ethiopian drought?

Answer 57

Overseas governments have given aid like the USA giving US$128.4 million in food aid for Ethiopian in 2015

Question 58

what were organisations responses to the Ethiopian drought?

Answer 58

Aid agencies such as Oxfam and UNICEF are helping people get water supplies Education charities are trying to help people get jobs in urban areas

Question 59

what are individuals responses to the Ethiopian drought?

Answer 59

Large charity events like live aid have helped to raise money and awareness

Question 60

which country had a better response and why?

Answer 60

California, because all the main changes came from within the country so they don’t have to owe anything to other countries or governments which help development