Education

Question 1

what is the structural view of society.

Answer 1

They see us as behaving in the ways of the norms and values of society.

Question 2

what are the functionalsist view on society.

Answer 2

Functionalists argue that society is held together by all the cultures individuals share.

Question 3

Marxist view on society.

Answer 3

Marxists argue that the upper classes in society take advantage of the lower classes and take advantage of cheap labour. They have a conflict view.

Question 4

Who are the two main functionalists who share their views on education?

Answer 4

Durkheim and Parsons.

Question 5

What was Parsons’ view on education

Answer 5

Parsons saw schools as the main socialising agency in society. acting as the bridge between family and the wider society.
Parsons argues that in order for individuals to achieve a high status in life, they must work hard towards it.

Question 6

What was Durkheim’s view on education.

Answer 6

Social solidarity and skills: He feels that there should be a sense of solidarity in society, if individuals fell themselves, they will be part o a single body in society.
Ge argues that without solidarity, social life would be impossible, as individuals would only be pursuing their own self desires.

Question 7

What do Davis and Moore believe

Answer 7

They believe in role allocation. students in schools present their aptitudes and skills towards their schools. in return, schools help those students to allocate those roles that are best to them in the future.

Question 8

What did Douglas find

Answer 8

Douglas found that WC parents are less likely to place value into their Childs education; this links to cultural deprivation.

Question 9

Examples of material deprivation

Answer 9

Diet and health
Poor housing
Fear of debt
lack of resources

Question 10

Examples of cultural depravation

Answer 10

Parents with poor literacy
lack of parental support
parents with poor attitude to education
Parents with poor Experiences in education

Question 11

what is labelling

Answer 11

to attach a meaning or definition to someone

Question 12

What did Howard Becker find

Answer 12

Hoard Becker found that teachers were more likely to label students based on how close they were to matching the ideal pupil descriptions

Question 13

Criticism of Howard Becker’s findings

Answer 13

different teacher’s have different meanings for their ideal pupil and these vary between different social classes.

Question 14

What internal factors may affect a child’s achievement.

Answer 14

Stereotyping
subcultures
teacher evaluation.

Question 15

Examples of how MC parents socialise their children.

Answer 15

Use of income
Class, Income and parental education
parenting style
parenting educational behaviour.

Question 16

What are the two speech codes that Berstein discovered.

Answer 16

Elaborated speech codes: Typically used by the MC, wider vocabulary and is based on longer grammatically correct sentences.

Restricted speech codes: Often used by the WC, broken sentences with a shorter range of Vocabulary.

Question 17

What is habitus

Answer 17

The taken for granted ways of thinking,being and acting, that are admired by the MC

Question 18

What is symbolic capital

Answer 18

When individuals have been socialised into the tastes and preferences to those in the MC

Question 19

What did Barry Sugarman believe in

Answer 19

Working Class has 4 key factors, that are usually brought through in WC households.
These 4 factors are : Immediate gratification, Present-time orientation, Fatalism, Collectivism.

Question 20

What is immediate gratification

Answer 20

Where WC individuals seek pleasure now, rather than waiting for the future i.e. spending money as soon. as they receive instead of saving

Question 21

What is collectivism

Answer 21

Valuing being part of a group

Question 22

What is present-time orientation

Answer 22

Not having long term goals

Question 23

What is fatalism

Answer 23

The negative attitude that WC class individuals may adopt

Question 24

What did Marylyn Howard find

Answer 24

Students with low energy intakes were more likely to underachieve in class

Question 25

what did Deborah Youdell and David Gillborn find

Answer 25

They found that pupils who performed poorly in school were more likely to be placed into lower sets

Question 26

What is self-Fulfilling prophecy

Answer 26

A prediction made by a teacher that then leads to he teacher labelling a student; the student goes on to internalise this label.

Question 27

Internal reasons for girls' achievement in school

Answer 27

Role models in school Gcse and coursework Teacher attention selection and league tables changes in stereotypes equal opportunity polices

Question 28

external reasons for girls' achievement

Answer 28

Changing ambitions impact of feminism changes in women's employment changes in family

Question 29

reasons for boys' underachievement in comparison to girls

Answer 29

Boys and literacy feminisation of education globalisation and decline of traditional male jobs shortage of male teachers laddish cultures

Question 30

What did Tony Sewell find

Answer 30

Tony Sewell found that education had become increasingly femininized.

Question 31

What is the Male gaze

Answer 31

Where male groups use verbal abuse to reinforce the definitions of masculinity; Willis found that boys in anti-school subcultures would make fun of those wanting to perform in their exams.

Question 32

What were the 3 types of schools in the 1940s

Answer 32

Grammar schools Secondary modern schools Technological schools

Question 33

Why were comprehensive schools introduced

Answer 33

Comprehensive schools were introduced to overcome the tripirate system and to promote social integration between different social classes.

Question 34

What are marketisation polices and give examples

Answer 34

Refers to the process introducing market forces of consumer choices and competition between suppliers. I.e exam league tables, funding formula, specialist school, business sponsorships of schools

Question 35

What polices did the new labour introduce in 1997

Answer 35

Reduced class sizes Increased number of academies Education Maintenance Allowance- to encourage post 16 education.

Question 38

What do Marxists think of the education system?

Answer 38

Marxists believe that the education system reproduces class inequality as well as legitimising class inequality (Althusser)

Question 40

What is the myth of meritocracy

Answer 40

The myth of meritocracy is where Marxists believe thar meritocracy does not exist . They feel that to have a high status In society, it is due to background instead of hard work

Question 41

What is the correspondence principle

Answer 41

Marxists Bowles and Gintis argues that the education mirrors the working class’ future workplaces

Question 44

What do neoliberals/new right sociologists believe

Answer 44

They argue that the state run education system is not run correctly and that schools must compete more in order to increase parental choice

Question 45

Outline and explain a new right research

Answer 45

Chub and Moe found that schools have to compete in order to increase parental choice. This is because they found that private schools are run better than state schools because they are encouraged to be productive due to their main income coming from parental payments.

Question 46

Criticism of new right view

Answer 46

Gertwiz argue that an education market only benefits the middle class, due to their high levels of economic capital. Marxists also argue by teaching the national curriculum means pupils from ethnic minority groups are not benefiting