Education (Ethnicity and Education)

Question 1

What are the out of school factors (ethnicity)?

Answer 1

MR C
Material Deprivation
Racism in wider society
Cultural Deprivation

Question 2

What do Tony Lawson and Joan Garrod (2000) define ethnic groups as?

Answer 2

People who share common history, customs and identity, and who see themselves as a distinct unit’.

Question 3

The explanation of ethnicity has three main aspects, what are these?

Answer 3

• Intellectual and linguistic skills
• Attitudes and values
• Family structure and
  parental support

Question 4

What was Bereiter & Engelmann (1966) ideas? (Intellectual and linguistic skills)

Answer 4

he Language spoken by African-American low-income families in the USA was inadequate for educational success. [ungrammatical and disjointed]
- Poor children’s language is 1 year behind wealthy children’s language skills when they start school.

Question 5

What is ESOL and EAL?

Answer 5

English for speakers of other languages
English as an additional language

Question 6

How many pupils in Britain are EAL according to YouGov 2023?

Answer 6

1.7million (20.2%)

Question 7

Why are cultural deprivation theorists concerned about EAL students?

Answer 7

They think they will under preform

Question 8

What did the The Swann Report 1985 argue?

Answer 8

The Swann Report 1985 – argued language was not a factor responsible for the failure of minority groups

Question 9

What did Gillborn & Mirza say?

Answer 9

Indian pupils had high attainment despite English being a second language in their homes.

Question 10

What did cultural deprivation theorists like Murray believe?

Answer 10

Cultural deprivation theorists like Murray believed low-income black children adopt a fatalistic, ‘live for today’ attitude.

Question 11

What did Evans (2006) find? And how can this affect the classroom?

Answer 11

Evans (2006) found that street culture in deprived working-class areas can be brutal.
Coping strategies involve developing an intimidation mind-set which can lead to disruption and challenges to authority in the classroom.

Question 12

What did Ken Pryce find?

Answer 12

However, Ken Pryce found Black parents in Bristol created ‘supplementary schools’ to support their children to achieve.

Question 13

What were Lupton (2004) & Francis (2005) ideas?

Answer 13

Indian and Chinese pupils benefit from an ‘Asian work ethic’ which places a high value on education.

Question 14

What did Daniel Moynihan (1965) say?

Answer 14

many black families are headed by a lone mother.
- he suggests children will suffer financially and lack a male role model.

Question 15

What does Sewell say about black families having a lone mother?

Answer 15

Tony Sewell (2009) this family structure results in black boys joining street gangs as they offer ‘perverse loyalty and love’.

Question 16

What did Khan (1979) find?

Answer 16

Asian family structures as being a barrier to success. She describes them as ‘stress-ridden’, bound by tradition and with a controlling attitude to success.

Question 17

How does Pryce evaluate Khan’s ideas?

Answer 17

Ken Pryce (1979) argues that Asian pupils are higher achievers because their culture is more resistant to racism.

Question 18

Black Caribbean culture receives more racism, how does this effect children?

Answer 18

Leaving children with low self-esteem, and therefore, underachieve.

Question 19

Material Deprivation : What did Guy Palmer find out about black citizens (2018)?

Answer 19

46% of all black citizens live in poverty compared with 19% of white British people.

Question 20

What did Guy Palmer find out Bangladeshi Citizens?

Answer 20

50% of all Bangladeshi citizens were in the most deprived fifth of the population.

Question 21

What did Palmer find about Black African children?

Answer 21

38% of Black African children in Britain are entitled to free school meals.

Question 22

What did Guy Palmer say about ethnic minority groups?

Answer 22

They are 3x as likely to be homeless.

Question 23

What is an evaluation of material deprivation (Guy Palmer)

Answer 23

Education action zones (2000)
Excellence in cities (2002)

Question 24

What did John Rex find about BAME citizens?

Answer 24

Housing – (John Rex) 40% of BAME citizens live in social housing.
(sub-standard conditions, damp, lack of heating, lack of space).

Question 25

How did Mike Noon research employment? (1993)

Answer 25

Employment – (Mike Noon 1993) 100 CV’s named Evans and Patel – Around 15% of White British men earn below the living wage, this rises to nearly 60% for Bangladeshi British men = Evans received three times higher response rate than Patel

Question 26

What are the internal factors of ethnicity? (PRIME)

Answer 26

Pupil responses Racism and labelling Institutional racism Marketisation Ethnocentric curriculum

Question 27

What ethnic group is three times more likely to be permanently excluded (gov.uk2019)

Answer 27

Black Caribbean

Question 28

Racism and labelling : What did Gillborn and Youdell (2000) find?

Answer 28

Gillborn and Youdell (2000) found teachers held ‘racialized expectations’ of black boys = challenge to authority.

Question 29

Racism and labelling : What did Connolly (1988) find?

Answer 29

Connolly (1988) found that black girls were often labelled as ‘potentially disruptive’

Question 30

Racism and labelling : What did Olser (2001) find?

Answer 30

Olser (2001) found that black pupils appear more likely to suffer from unrecorded official exclusions and from 'internal exclusions' where they are sent out of class.

Question 31

Racism and labelling : Explain Heidi Mirza's research and findings.

Answer 31

Heidi Mirza (1992) (Young, Female and Black) In a covert observation of a secondary school Mirza identified - Three types of racist teachers: The colour blind – believe pupils are equal but unchallenged racism The liberal chauvinists – believed black pupils are culturally deprived The overt racists – discriminated against black pupils. 2 groups she found did not fall in to the category of ‘racist teacher’ - Crusaders (2%) of teachers that challenged racist expectations – mainly in staff meetings - Black Teachers – who did not see ethnicity as an issue.

Question 32

What did Gilborn (2008) find about Chinese and Indian pupils?

Answer 32

They are often labelled as ideal pupils.

Question 33

What were Cecile Wright's findings? (1992)

Answer 33

In 4 multi-racial primary schools and found = Asian/ Bangladeshi girls received the least attention Teachers assumed they had a poor grasp of English

Question 34

Racism and labelling : What did Archer find about teachers? (2008)

Answer 34

The ideal pupil identity - a white middle-class identity, who is seen as achieving in the 'right way' through natural ability and initiative. The pathologised pupil identity - an Asian student who is seen as 'deserving poor'. They are seen as a 'plodder' and conforming who succeeds through hard work rather than natural ability. The demonised pupil identity - a black or white working-class pupil who is seen as unintelligent, peer-led, culturally deprived underachiever. Archer claims black pupils are often labelled as being loud, challenging, excessively sexualised with 'un-inspirational' home cultures.

Question 35

Pupil Responses : Mirza (1992 – Young, Female and Black)

Answer 35

Black girls who faced teacher racism Coping strategies: (not talking to some teachers) = which resulted in their underachievement.

Question 36

Pupil Responses : Sewell (1998) 'Loose Cannons'

Answer 36

Examined the different strategies that Black boys used to cope with racism. Conformists: pro-school Rebels: anti-school Retreatists: A small minority who isolated & disconnected with peers & the school. Innovators: Second largest group who were pro-education but anti-school.

Question 37

What is an evaluation of pupil responses?

Answer 37

However: Mary Fuller (1984) - Study of Black girls at a London Comprehensive - where many teachers expected them to fail, predicted low grades - but the girls worked together (supplementary schooling) to achieve in their exams.

Question 38

What is Institutional Racism?

Answer 38

‘the collective failure of an organisation’ (Swann Report 1985) (MacPherson 1999)

Question 39

Institutional Racism : What did Bernard Coard (2005) find?

Answer 39

Bernard Coard (2005) found during the 1960s-70’s children from the West Indies were classified as “educationally Subnormal” (ESN) under a routine IQ test.

Question 40

What is three ways institutional racism is underpinned?

Answer 40

1. Marketisation (selection/Streaming) 2. Ethnocentric Curriculum 3. Staffing

Question 40

Ethnocentric Curriculum : What did Bernard Coard (2005) say?

Answer 40

reflects a white British culture. Black and Asian culture is largely ignored.

Question 41

Ethnocentric Curriculum : What may some students feel when getting taught the content?

Answer 41

Students may feel the knowledge taught is irrelevant or insulting and consequently switch off.

Question 42

Ethnocentric Curriculum : What did Michael Gove say?

Answer 42

Michael Gove advised all exam boards to use only British authors as set texts for GCSE English Language to promote a ‘common heritage’.

Question 43

How can the ethnocentric curriculum be evaluated?

Answer 43

Evaluation: Modern History Curriculum – by 2024 A planned update of the History curriculum to reflect the diverse nature of British history and how Britain has been influenced by different societies.

Question 44

Marketisation : Selection & Segregation, what is more likely for ethic groups?

Answer 44

To be in lower set

Question 45

Marketisation : What did Gillborn (1999) say?

Answer 45

White students are twice as likely to be selected for ‘gifted and talented’ programmes.

Question 46

What are 3 evaluation points about marketisation?

Answer 46

Girls in nearly all ethnic groups perform better than boys. There is limited evidence to show that minorities suffer low self-esteem. Social factors outside of school might be more important in determining success.