Education - Paper 1 Flashcards

Question

What is an example of a particularistic standard? (Functionalism)

Answer 1

Don't commit crime

Answer 2

If you are born into poverty you are at a disadvantage because you may not be able to afford textbooks, tutors etc. No matter how hard you work if you cannot go to uni or the majority of time is taken up by working it is harder to get out of poverty. You may also go to an underfunded school because of the area you live in

Answer 3

1. Evidence that social backgrounds results in students being treated differently. Social class and ethnicity may result in poorer results due to lower expectations not lower ability 2. Some schools only teach values of their faith which may not be universalistic 3. School rules may not always apply in wider society/ Marxists don't believe in meritocracy

Answer 4

1. Some argue society is no longer based on universalistic standards - race, gender, ethnicity and status effect how rules apply 2. Some jobs are based on ascribed status rather than achieved - lots of politicians went to Eton 3. School content has very little to do with the workplace - many workers don't need maths for their work, school teaches a strict curriculum which prepares for next stage of education 4. OFSTED expect all to make progress - schools can't sieve out manual workers - everyone needs qualifications which is unfair for those who aren't academic as they may not be able to progress

Answer 5

This view ignores inequalities in power in society. There is no value consensus. Education convinces us that the system is fair. We are in a state of false class consciousness as your gender, ethnicity and class impact on achievement

Answer 6

Schools pass on patriarchal values and gender inequalities. Role allocation isn't equal as girls are limited by the glass ceiling

Answer 7

1. Education is part of the ideological state apparatus 2. Education promotes ruling class values (wealth, power and hierarchy) not common which functionalists say 3. Education justifies and reproduces class inequality, doesn't produce equality of opportunity, forms a subservient class and workforce

Answer 8

It is kept strong and dominant by a superstructure of institutions (family, education, armed forces, CJS, mass media, religion and political system).

Answer 9

Encourage people to accept their lot in life because destiny is determined by the RC (you will work and benefit economy). Revolution is prevents by people being in a state of FCC. The education system transmits the capitalist ideology to maintain social control and dominance

Answer 10

Strikes - teachers, trains, NHS, postmen, cost of living

Answer 11

Ordinary people wouldn't accept unequal work conditions and pay unless something convinced them it was inevitable. He looked at the role of education in making individuals believe the capitalist system is fair, saying education is a part of the Ideological State Apparatus which works as a microcosm of capitalist society to teach a subordinate position

Answer 12

A tool to justify social inequality

Answer 13

A mini society e.g., education

Answer 14

Through hegemony and transmitting ideology

Answer 15

The education system persuades the subordinate group (WC) to accept their values and beliefs

Answer 16

The WC are convinced by the education system that capitalism is fair for all individuals

Answer 17

- Promotes careers - university (paid) - Says communism is bad - Learn not to question or be critical of society - Learn to respect and follow instructions - Look down on non-capitalist societies

Answer 18

Education is controlled by capitalists and is designed to serve capitalist interests.

Answer 19

Conducted a study into schooling in USA in 1970s and found education is closely linked with the world of work, teaching children the skills that capitalists value in their workers. They called this the correspondence principle

Answer 20

This is when schooling mirrors the world of work in a capitalist society

Answer 21

Gives opportunities of enrichment and transferrable skills

Answer 22

Term used to describe the values transmitted unofficially in school through ways teachers treat different groups of students and staff. Schooling corresponds with factory line production to prepare future workers

Answer 23

1. Schools rewards conformity with merits --> workers receive bonuses, praise and employee of the month 2. Schools separate students based on ability --> managers have different tasks and wages, some are promotes 3. Schools have a hierarchy --> can be seen with bosses and managers 4. Schools days are structured controlling time to eat work and socialise --> there are shifts in work, some told when to go on break 5. Pupils are motivated by the external reward of exam success --> workers motivated by pay rise/wage

Answer 24

Middle class knowledge, attitudes and values that are passed to their children which helps them to achieve in education

Answer 25

1. Middle class pupils have an advantage because they have been socialised into the dominant culture e.g., British values, will educate them before school, reading, writing, visiting cultural places (museums) 2. Middle class pupils have the codes to unlock the mysteries of education (elaborated code) 3. Middle class parents have the 'knowledge' of how to play the system in their favour. - Have money to move to better postcodes to a council which ahs more money, more tax paid, more money invested into the school - Have connections, know how to read OFSTED reports, have time and money to go to open days - Educated themselves so are able to help children further on in education

Answer 26

To support and maintain capitalism by reproducing the values, beliefs and acceptance of capitalism

Answer 27

can learn and understand more, also provides success in essay based subjects

Answer 28

People are more willing to help and more opportunities given if polite

Answer 29

Will understand society better and have a greater understanding of how it works

Answer 30

Takes place via socialisation of the young and is a pattern in which middle class children grow up learning middle class values, succeed in education and gain middle class jobs this is because they learn middle class values

Answer 31

Learn middle class values (from MC parents) --> succeed in education --> gain middle class jobs

Answer 32

Conducted an ethnographic study called the 'lads' and argued that the lads rejected school and formed a counter school subculture suggesting they saw through capitalism and knew even if they worked hard, they had little chance of success

Answer 33

looking at a specific group e.g., Paul Willis and 'the lads'

Answer 34

The 'lads' show the lack of a false class consciousness as they are aware and know they have little chance of success

Answer 35

The 'lads' are likely to work in manual labour jobs because the academic system of school doesn't fit with them. This means that they will be sifted and sorted and allocated the role of manual labour

Answer 36

- Useful in exposing the myth of meritocracy. The RC have the money for private education and tutors so no matter how hard someone works, there is always someone with an advantage - Shows the role that the education system plays as an ideal state apparatus

Answer 37

- Postmodernists argue that education now reproduces diversity, not inequality. This encourages individuality, culture and new ideas - learning about other religions and cultures in r.e and differing views in sociology - Marxists disagree with one another as to how reproduction and legitimation take place - Bowles and Gintis take the deterministic view, they assume pupils have no free will and fails to explain why some pupils reject school values - Focus on class inequalities so can be classed as economic determinists - Fails to look at ethnic and gender inequalities

Answer 38

A micro theory which focuses on the interactions individuals and tend to use qualitative research methods

Answer 39

Howard Becker

Answer 40

Where a teacher defines a pupil in a way such as bright or dull. The way the teacher interacts with a pupil will be determined by their label e.g., asking brighter students harder questions. If the student responds accordingly, the prophecy is fulfilled. Teachers labelled pupils on how closely they fitted the image of the 'ideal pupil'

Answer 41

Where a teacher has an impression which influences the pupil. E.g., if a teacher sees them as bright and hardworking they will be helpful and polite. If they are seen as lazy and not bright they will be stroppy and difficult

Answer 42

Someone who is polite, listens, contributes, works hard and is punctual

Answer 43

Labelling in secondary schools

Answer 44

From interviews of 9 English state secondary schools, they found that teachers 'normalised; the underachievement of WC pupils and seemed unconcerned by it. They believed that MC pupils could overcome the underachievement. This is because the teachers believed the pupil's home background contributed a lot. They labelled WC parents as uninterested in their child's education and labelled MC as supportive leading to class differences in how the teachers dealt with underachieving pupils

Answer 45

The way that teachers explained and dealt with underachievement itself led to class differences in attainment

Answer 46

Where a person lives up to their label

Answer 47

Field experiment conducted in an American elementary school. They told teachers that 20 of their students were expected to do very well in the exams. They claimed that on the basis of a test these students had been found to be late bloomers. There were NO DIFFERENCES within students. They studied them for a year and found teachers treated the students differently in the way they spoke to them and the tasks given. Students began to think of themselves different to their classmates. When completing IQ tests at the end of the year, the 20 students who were labelled as bright made the most progress. This is the PYGMALION EFFECT

Answer 48

That when teachers positively label students, the will achieve better academically. If labelled negatively, there will be a negative effect and may not achieve their full potential

Answer 49

There was no informed consent, there was deception of both students and teachers. No protection from harm as students labelled positively may think they're not as good as they thought and those labelled negatively thought they weren't bright creating mental harm. It is also a vulnerable group who can't consent

Answer 50

Banding at Beachside comprehensive

Answer 51

Pupils put into one of 3 bands according to academic and personal info from their primary schools. Factors other than academic were used to decide which band pupils were placed in such as parent's profession. Students from WC background would be placed in a lower band.

Answer 52

There was a progressive deterioration in the behaviour of most band 2&3 pupils, higher levels of absence and non-conformist behaviour started to show as they felt it was an unjust system. They were entered into lower-level exams which restricted potential at O Levels. This then effected their destination after higher school and many didn't continue to further education

Answer 53

Ethical issues - no consent, affected their lives, deception Limits certain students because info determines higher or foundation paper limiting their opportunities

Answer 54

'Setting' in two London secondary schools

Answer 55

Conducted studies in two separate London secondary schools into teacher and pupil interactions. In both schools they found many labels that they suggested would have a detrimental effect in a student and their academic ability. - Teachers tend to see ability as fixed, seeing some pupils as having limited potential - White MC pupils more likely to be viewed as ideal pupils therefore high levels of ability (Links to cultural capital) - In both schools, pupils who didn't fit the ideal were more likely to be judged in a general negative manner and placed in lower sets which widens gaps in achievement

Answer 56

Ideas about ideal pupils was often linked with ethnicity and resulted in poor relationships between teachers and EMG pupils. They also identified the Educational Triage

Answer 57

Refers to sifting and sorting of pupils into categories 1. Those who will pass anyway and can be left to get on with it 2. Those with potential, who will be helped to get a grade C or better 3. Hopeless cases who are doomed to fail

Answer 58

Argued that Asian girls are more likely to be seen as ideal, they used the halo effect to describe how these students were often favoured by teachers

Answer 59

linked streaming to publishing of exam tables. These tables rank each school according to its exam performance e.g., percentage of pupils gaining 5 or more GCSEs at A*-C. They called this the 'A-C economy'. This is the system whereby schools focus their time, effort and resources on the pupils who are seen to have the potential to get 5 grads Cs+ to boost the schools position in the league table

Answer 60

- Only 2 schools in London, need to broaden this to be able to generalise as it isn't representative of all schools

Answer 61

A group of pupils who share similar values and patterns of behaviour often emerging as a response to the way pupils have ben labelled and in a reaction to streaming

Answer 62

Pupils are placed in high streams, tend to be MC and committed to the values of the school. They gain their status in the approved manner through academic success

Answer 63

Pupils placed in low streams, WC, suffer from a loss of self-esteem as a result of being placed in an inferior position. In response to their low status pupils gan an alternative status by inverting school values of hard work and obedience and replace it with their own highly regarded values of truanting and disobedience

Answer 64

Labelling --> Self-fulfilling prophecy --> Subculture --> Pro-school = success Anti-school = failure

Answer 65

African Caribbean subcultures

Answer 66

Mary Fuller

Answer 67

Studied subcultures based on ethnicity in an all-boys school. He found that in response to being a minority group, with high levels of absent fathers, influence from peer groups and stereotyping by teachers, Afro-Caribbean students formed 4 subcultures

Answer 68

Conformists, innovators, retreatists and rebels

Answer 69

They accepted the values of the school and tried to succeed through education

Answer 70

They kept out of trouble as they still hoped for success, however they did not seek the approval of teachers

Answer 71

Individuals who kept themselves to themselves and didn't join subcultures

Answer 72

They rejected the school and were aggressively masculine

Answer 73

Set in a comprehensive school in the 1970s (a time of de-industrialisation - shutting down mines and factories, manual jobs disappearing --> high unemployment). He used interviews, observations and participant observation to study 'the lads'

Answer 74

Neo-marxist (Interactionism and Trad Marxism)

Answer 75

- 'Lads' believed they were superior to teachers and pupils - No interest in gaining academic qualifications - Did as little work as possible and passed time with bad behaviour - Unhappy at being treated like children, felt they belonged in the adult world - Formed a counter school subculture which was racist, sexist and valued working-class masculinity (toughness and aggression) - Valued manual labour over academic ability - PEN PUSHING - and said that this was for 'ear oles'

Answer 76

- Most of the boys worked in factors (Link to marxism, reject capitalism but work for bourgeoisie FCC) - Found a shop floor culture which was racist, sexist and had little respect for authority believed to have stemmed from the counter school subculture - Workers did as little as possible and passed time with bad behaviour

Answer 77

- The lads saw through capitalism - they realised that as WC boys they had little hope of progression (accepted fate) which frustrated them leading them to a counter school subculture - These actions worsened their position in society due to lack of success and being forced into menial work where they were exploited by the RC

Answer 78

Pupil class identities

Answer 79

Studied WC students in a WC comprehensive in the Midlands. Found that distinct WC male peer groups developed as a result of setting, student-teacher relationships, position of students in the WC and changed in the local economy WC 'macho lads' were dismissive of other working class boys who worked hard and aspired to MC careers referring to them as 'dickhead achievers', whilst MC 'real Englishmen' projected na image of 'effortless achievement' Dominant definition of masculinity changed from 'macho lads' in lower secondary school to ' English gentlemen' in sixth form

Answer 80

Interaction between WC pupil's identities and school and how this produces underachievement

Answer 81

all the things you do that define who you are e.g, the learned taken for granted assumptions, outlook, expectations and ways of being, doing and having. MC had the power to define the MC habitus as superior and to impose it on the education system. Bourdieu referred to this as 'symbolic violence'. This habitus is then the norm for schools and middle class pupils putting MC students at an advantage as they are already familiar with the values which can link to cultural capital

Answer 82

WC pupils felt that they would need to change how they spoke and presented themselves in order to be educationally successful. As a result, many WC experienced education and schooling to be unnatural and alien WC responded to the symbolic violence by constructing meaningful identities by investing in styles and branding WC pupils invested in Nike identities due to their educational marginalisation and a preference for a particular lifestyle (going against uniform and creating new identity) many WC chose to exclude themselves from education

Answer 83

1. 1880 - Education made compulsory for 5-13 year olds, basic numeracy and literacy 2. 1944 Education Act - Tripartite system introduced meaning children were sent to either Grammar schools, secondary modern or technical based on result of 11+ to achieve greater equality of opportunity 3. 1965 Labour gov introduced comprehensive system to make education more meritocratic. The LEA could abolish 11+ and replace grammar and secondary moderns with comprehensive schools that all students in the area would attend. There are still 164 grammar schools inUK

Answer 84

They are inefficient and that education needs to run like a business as it provides an incentive to improve the service. This is called the free market They believe that by introducing this competition and choice for consumers it will result in greater efficiency and standard will improve because they will fight to be the most successful

Answer 85

the process of bringing market forces into education to increase competition and raise standards for consumers e.g., marketing towards students - websites, prospectus

Answer 86

It isn't actually a free market because school with more money will have better teachers/resources. This means that the best students will go there creating a large divide between different schools. Comprehensive schools were brought in for equality but this idea creates unequal education. Less focus on students and more focus on school image e.g., OFSTED. Oversubscribed schools with a good reputation pick and choose students to achieve the best results to increase reputation it is a cycle

Answer 87

National curriculum, SATS, Exam league tables published and OFSTED inspections, Formula funding and open enrolment (parental choice)

Answer 88

To improve standards, all students had access to the same high quality curriculum covering a range of subjects that can be compared on a national scale

Answer 89

As everyone has the same curriculum, this creates an objective way of comparing results and creating competition. Consumers can then make a secision on which school is best

Answer 90

Attainment targets - goals which teachers are expected to enable students to reach. These are formal teacher assessments and results are published

Answer 91

Results are published which creates competition between results which are objective. Consumers will choose the school with the best results

Answer 92

Publication of performance tables - allow parents the right to know about comparative school performance. This includes test and exam results and the absence rates of all schools and colleges. Published inspections were aimed to ensure that schools and colleges were doing a good job

Answer 93

Gives parents a choice as there is competition to be the best school. As a consumer you will want to go to the best

Answer 94

Schools and colleges are funded based on numbers. Parents are allowed free choice of schools, rather than being allocated one

Answer 95

Parents have a choice and will make this decision based on competition

Answer 96

Power shifts from teachers and schools into the hands of the parents (encouraging diversity, choice and standards to improve) without parents choosing schools they will get less funding and do worse

Answer 97

- Ensuring it is oversubscribed through spending money on buildings, resources etc. as it is appealing to parents - Open days - Adverts - Visit high schools - Exam results in newspapers

Answer 98

The effects of the educational reforms that had been introduced by the conservatives

Answer 99

3 categories of choosers: 1. Privileged or skilled choosers - MC parents who had benefits of time and good social contacts to aid them with finding the best schools. Able to evaluate league tables and move to more prosperous areas to ensure they lived within a schools catchment area. If all else failed their finances allowed them to send their child to private education 2. Semi-skilled choosers - mainly WC parents who were ambitious for their children but lacked the social network or practical means to get their children into certain schools 3. Disconnected or local choosers - WC parents were disconnected/local as their access to transport played a big part in their decision, with most WC children being sent to the school closest to their home. WC parents placed more importance on the preferences of their children than the academic reputation of the school

Answer 100

Similar study criticised conservative marketisation policies saying parentocracy was a myth

Answer 101

Criticise the policies saying it results in Cream-Skimming. This is when the most successful schools cherry-pick the most able students from the wealthiest backgrounds. This increases their success and becomes. a cycle. The opposite of this is Silt-Shifting which is when schools off-loads less able pupils or those with learning difficulties as they are expensive to educate and get poor results. It can be said that by setting Entrance Criteria e.g, exams or church attendance, schools are the ones with the choice of consumer not the other way round

Answer 102

The 'third way' as it combined elements of traditional social values of social equality, equality of opportunity etc. with the New Right marketisation approach

Answer 103

Got WC to aim higher, 50% of all adults should have an undergraduate degree by 2010 - Reduces inequality

Answer 104

Educational maintenance allowance for 16-19 year olds which gives money to help with studying costs, means those from WC background can still attend college - Reduces inequality

Answer 105

These aim to attract sponsorship and investment from the private sector to improve schools in low income areas - Reduces inequality

Answer 106

Help people pay for education giving people a chance to go to university - Reduces inequality

Answer 107

Specialise in a certain subject and selects people for the specialism and can advertise this for more function which increases competition between other specialist schools, apply for certain specialisms based on the area to get consumers - 3 C's

Answer 108

Aim higher, EMA, Educational action zones, Student loans, Specialist schools and academies

Answer 109

This allows schools more control and for them to move away from the local council

Answer 110

Tomlinson said it reintroduced selection through specialist schools and narrowed the focus of education by putting too much emphasis on target results and league tables. Some view academies as privatisation of the state system through the back door Introducing student fees for higher education, counteracted any good done by widening access to HE, as coast would put many WC students off studying for a degree

Answer 111

Student fees are a way to keep RC separated from WC. Academies are a way for the bourgeoisie to have more control. Gov. support this because academies get money through trusts instead of gov. councils.

Answer 112

As the economy is changing, the education system does too, which is why specialist schools and academies exist

Answer 113

WC students still do not go to traditional/prestigious unis showing that the programme is ineffective. % Of students from a manual background: London Met. - 57% Uni of Greenwich - 55% Wolverhampton - 53% Oxbridge - 11% Bristol - 14% Durham - 17%

Answer 114

Undertook the largest reform of the education system since 1944

Answer 115

Conservatives - New Right ideas Liberal Democrats - Socialist ideas

Answer 116

- Wanted to make the exams harder - Have to measure our skills against other countries: English and Maths - No coursework - Modular exams --> Linear exams

Answer 117

Free schools, academies, National formula funding, Post 16 funding cuts, New national curriculum, Linear exams, Post 16 finding, apprenticeships

Answer 118

Type of academy, a non-profit making, independent, state-funded school which is free to attend but is not controlled by a local authority. Can be set up by groups like charities, unis, faith groups, parents, businesses

Answer 119

MARKETISATION - Academies take control from local council - The better they do the more funding they get --> this creates competition between schools as they will try to use funding to be better than other schools

Answer 120

Publicly funding independent schools. Don't have to follow the National Curriculum and can set their own term times. The day-to-day running of the school is with the head teacher, but are overseen by individual charitable bodies called academy trusts. These trust and chains provide advice, support, expertise and a strategic overview. They control their own admissions process and have more freedom than other schools. If a schools is 'inadequate' by OFSTED then it must become an academy

Answer 121

To calculate the amount of core revenue funding that mainstream schools will attract in respect of primary and secondary. There isn't currently a national formula. Local authority areas get different amounts of money per pupil in the Schools Block element of the Dedicates Schools Grant. They then draw up their own local funding formulas to share between schools

Answer 122

Many colleges losing funding for students and so many are cutting services and qualifications or are closing due to financial trouble

Answer 123

MARKETISATION - We now have a national formula where schools get funding based on results and how they perform - Makes schools compete against each other, could create FCC because looks like equality

Answer 124

Aim is to slim down the content of the curriculum in almost all subjects. Gov. says the new curriculum doesn't tell teachers "how to teach", but concentrates on "the essential" knowledge and skills every child should have so teachers have the freedom to shape the curriculum to their pupils' needs. In maths, children will be expected to learn more at an earlier age. English pupils will learn more Shakespeare

Answer 125

A level and GCSES will all be linear. AS will still exist in some places but does not count towards the A-level grade. GCSEs will become more challenging and grades are now numbered

Answer 126

EQUALITY - Everybody develops the same skills regardless of background - Everybody does the same exams at the end of education

Answer 127

Students need to have work experiences as part of their study programme and this must be external

Answer 128

Promoted to improve the skills base of employees. Learning takes place through the workplace as well as through formula training. They combine work with practical on the job training. Work alongside experienced staff

Answer 129

EQUALITY - Creates opportunities for those who are less academic which leads to meritocracy

Answer 130

The Conservative government

Answer 131

Creates equality because it creates opportunity for less academic students but they still get a meaningful qualification. Fill roles in society. Promotes marketisation by providing choice for consumers

Answer 132

2021 - announced additional £1 billion in funding for schools to help support students catch up with lessons they had missed due to the government's imposed lockdowns of schools during the previous year - £650 million being payed directly to schools (£80 per pupil) - £350 million National tutoring programme to target those most in need of help - schools programme 5-16 years olds - additional funding for 16-19s - language support for reception aged children

Answer 133

A response to impact of Covid lockdowns. For the 2022/23 year the NEP awards schools an additional £163 per student eligible for pupil premium to target academic support. Schools can provide this through: - Academic mentors - employed specifically to give students extra tuition - Tuition partners - private tutors who work with students from the school - Regular school personnel - teachers or support staff already employed who give extra tuition on top of their regular teaching commitments

Answer 134

- Reforms are responding to structural changes - Standards will be improved - Greater choice for parents

Answer 135

- Reproduction of class inequalities (Bourdieu) - Reforms will always advantage MC children the most

Answer 136

- Policy Reforms will impact on the achievement of girls the most e.g., the removal of coursework - "Bedroom culture" - girls are told to be organised, girls do 3x better at coursework than boys

Answer 137

- Mackin and Vernoit argue that academies brought in by the Coalition are serving the needs of the most advantaged and in a lot of cases does not include those children from disadvantaged backgrounds. They have very small amount of children on free school meals - can set catchment areas to middle class areas, can set entrance criteria, cream-skimming - Partners in Excellence (PiXL) - schools in disadvantaged areas will be particularly affected by changes to GCSEs. They aim to improve life chances and outcomes for young people. This can help the disadvantaged students however this service is paid which won't help underfunded schools

Answer 138

Postmodernism

Answer 139

The growing interconnectedness of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture, consumer goods and economic interests across the globe. This links the 3 T's

Answer 140

Trade, travel and technology

Answer 141

- Teachers less abusive - no corporal punishment - Can learn culture of other countries - More resources from technology e.g., internet - Equality in subject choice girls can do maths - Languages expected to be learnt due to relationships with other countries (learn languages of powerful ones) - More inclusive

Answer 142

Through marketisation and privatisation with the use of international comparisons to form policies

Answer 143

'The intensification of world-wide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many a mile away and vice-versa.' This statement suggests that our education system has changed as a result of other countries education system. Creates competition and prepares people for the world of work. As the global market changes, workers need skills

Answer 144

Trade - equipment used is made in other countries - teaching techniques influence from other countries teaching Transport - People can study abroad - Trips abroad to learn cultures and languages Technology - Online school - Used in schools (Teams, ChatGPT

Answer 145

Through transport and the interconnectedness of countries around the world, globalisation has allowed much higher rates of migration between countries. This links to postmodernism and the heightened choice in education e.g., study abroad. Diversity has been embraced with more learning about other cultures

Answer 146

- National curriculum: schools want to have the best curriculum to have the best workers - PISA: international league tables (competition) - OFSTED The education system needs to operate with competition because it creates motivation in students to get skills for the global market

Answer 147

- Privatisation is where services that were once owned and provided by the state are transferred to private companies - Privatisation has been a feature of the education policies of the three main political parties since the 80s - The UK gov and local authorities spend around £88 billion a year on education, so there is an enormous potential market for private investors who can provide services that the education sector may be interested in

Answer 148

identified two main types of privatisation in education: endogenous and exogenous

Answer 149

This is privatisation within the education system, as schools, colleges and universities begin to operate more like private businesses. These were first established by Conservative governments between 79-97 and continued by labour 97-2010, then sped up from 10-15 with the rapid expansion of state-funded, but independently managed academies and free schools, where staff pay levels and contract conditions are often decided by the school rather than through national negotiation and agreement. This has been accompanied by the growing use of unqualified teacher on low pay and weak contracts

Answer 150

This is the privatisation from outside the education system. It involves the opening up of state education to private profit-making businesses who can design, manage or deliver aspects of education that were formerly run by the state

Answer 151

- Parental (consumer) choice - Target setting - League tables - Performance related pay for teachers - Formula funding - Inspections - Competition between schools

Answer 152

- Branding of schools e.g., websites, logos, prospectuses - Private exam boards e.g., AQA, Pearson - School services are external companies e.g., catering and cleaning - Management of schools e.g., multi-academy trusts

Answer 153

That education exports from Britain by independent schools, colleges, unis and education publishers to markets such as Brazil and China were worth £18 billion to the UK economy each year. For example, international students pay more which benefits the economy. There are also campuses in other countries. There is English material such as the Cambridge English Proficiency test which has been published because English is a popular language

Answer 154

New Right and Functionalist

Answer 155

Marxists and Social democrat (education system is a part of welfare privatisation which doesn't benefit the people the education system was made for)

Answer 156

Greater efficiency: - Expertise of an established education company - May provide more/better education for less cost, greater value for taxpayer's money More choice for parents: - A range of school providers, if a school has more money/funding they can offer more subjects - more choice Profit motive: - Schools need to be full and run efficiently to make profit - Achieved by attracting pupils by high standards and good results compared to other competing schools

Answer 157

Loss of money from education - Private providers may not reinvest the profits into education. This turns public money into private profits, disadvantaging schools - Does need for profit override student's needs - won't accept students who need extra help/support because it'll cost them money and can lead to cream-skimming

Answer 158

Involves conducting tests in science, maths, reading and collaborative problem solving among representative samples of 15 year old school students drawn from around the world. In 2015, over 70 countries participated in the PISA test. The data is then ranked in the form of league tables to show the relative performance. These are used to monitor a country's education system. It consists of 325,000-600,000 9-15 year olds every 3-5 years

Answer 159

Highest ranked: Reading - China Science - China Maths - China Reading - UK 14th Science - UK 14th Maths - UK 18th Chinese school focus more on questions and high results which is more high pressure. British schools focus on communication e.g., paired work

Answer 160

Often result in reassessments of existing policies and formation of new ones including curriculum reform. This was seen in the solutions provided by OFSTED after the UK came 26th in maths out of 65

Answer 161

PISA results have led to educational, economic and political moral panics (PISA panic) over the state of British education, and the search for miracle cures. Policies that work for countries at the top of the league tables are held up as things that the UK should adopt

Answer 162

The national literacy and numeracy strategies, slimming down the national curriculum and raising the academic requirements for trainee teachers from 2012

Answer 163

Introduced by LABOUR government, these imposed a minimum requirement of hours dedicated to numeracy and literacy everyday - They wanted English and Maths skills to improve. This would also put them higher upon the PISA table - It has had a positive impact because skills in these subjects have improved - Less time spent on creative subjects children want to pursue

Answer 164

The COALITION government slimmed down England's national curriculum in English, Maths and Science to be what Gove claimed was 'the essential core knowledge which other nations pass onto their pupils'. - Slimmed down curriculum also allows for pupils to focus on certain subjects to get a proper understanding of content - Doesn't give the chance for students to learn what subjects they like

Answer 165

Derived from comparisons to Finland who has for years been one of the world leaders in educational achievement - To get a higher standard of teaching for better education - More academic requirements means in theory that the trainee teachers will be more knowledgable but also more committed to the job because they've achieved so much which may mean less people go for the career - teacher shortage

Answer 166

1. They are useful to see whether education spending matches educational achievement: if spending is high but results are low, the gov can try to understand and why 2. They are useful for comparing standards nationally: Oates suggests they help to show what it is humanly possible for young people to achieve at different ages 3. They provide evidence for policy makers wanting to learn from other countries

Answer 167

1. Kelly argues that tests like PISA are based on a very narrow view of education. Are tests the only measure of someone's ability? 2. Test results do not necessarily mean that the education received by students is better or worse. Concerns about the validity and reliability of the tests used. Wider social factors outside of the school may be influential and these will differ across countries. E.g., comparing the UK to developing countries with child soldiers and child brides is not useful, as cultural, social and economic factors differ

Answer 168

We can learn from other countries to better our own education system. Meritocratic education system is fair

Answer 169

The UK gov are using global education policies which will reproduce class inequality. UK gov wants privatisation of education to benefit those with money

Answer 170

A means of enhancing and improving the education system such as: - Chinese/London maths programme - Comparative research data PISA - Virtual classrooms - flipped learning - Swedish free schools Only advantageous to countries which have power and wealth and are able to enhance and improve their education systems. Force for positive change - by introducing virtual classrooms it improves the life chances of the world population rather than those in richer countries

Answer 171

- Education becomes more marketised with competition being based on results, rather than on the system that is appropriate for the cultural, social and emotional needs of students - Privatisation of overseas ownership of educational services - When services are sold elsewhere, there is little control over what happens to the product - Lack of an educational framework - some countries are too poor to bring the education standards in line to compete with international standards. Some countries that are based on an agricultural economy may rely on cheap and unskilled labour rather than an educated workforce - Power of large western organisations e.g., UNICEF often impose western ideals as to what constitutes education. The form of education deemed superior may not fit the needs of the less developed country. This is a form of cultural imperialism

Answer 172

That everyone is equal within education and there are qualifications which are more practical so everyone should be able to achieve. They would say that it isn't due to class but meritocracy

Answer 173

Class differences in achievement are a result of the education system enforcing inequality. This puts lower classes at a disadvantage causing them to get lower grades. Meritocracy is a myth

Answer 174

The stratification of different groups based on power, economic wealth, social wealth and cultural wealth

Answer 175

A situation when educational performance is below what was expected or predicted

Answer 176

Those with middle class higher professional jobs

Answer 177

- Labelling - Self fulfilling prophecy - Pupil subcultures - Streaming and unequal access

Answer 178

- Material deprivation - Cultural capital/background - Parents

Answer 179

Patterns of underachievement in education are affected by what goes on in school classrooms and how meanings are constructed there. Much of the research comes form the interactionist perspective. This suggests that a teacher can have a direct impact on students achievement by the way they behave around students

Answer 180

Howard Becker says teacher defines or labels pupils in a particular way such as bright or dull. The way the teacher interacts with a pupil will be determined by the label they have given them e.g., only asking brighter pupils questions. The pupil may respond accordingly to the label and the prophecy is fulfilled. Teachers label students on how closely they fit the 'ideal pupil'. A WC student may be labelled as dumb

Answer 181

Being labelled incorrectly may motivate someone to go against this label and achieve

Answer 182

Being placed in a low stream or set may undermine pupils' confidence and discourage them from trying, and teachers may be less ambitious and give less knowledge to lower stream children than they would with others. Think back to interactionism and subcultures. Streaming is often linked to social class - the higher a pupil's social class, the greater the chance of being allocated of being allocated to a top stream. Thus setting and streaming can contribute to the underachievement of WC pupils

Answer 183

In Ball's study, those put in a lower band were entered into lower-level exams which effected their high school and if they carried onto further education. This links with how those in a lower stream may try less and overall do worse because they lack confidence because of where they were placed Father's profession impacted the child's success because they were placed into a band based on their father's profession

Answer 184

It places students based on similarities so they will be in the correct place to learn the best. Functionalisats would say it is beneficial because it places people in the most beneficial sets.

Answer 185

It is a way to keep the WC and MC divided. It also keeps the bourgeoisie above the proletariat because the WC underachieve

Answer 186

A group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. Pupil subcultures emerge as a response to the way pupils have been labelled and streamed

Answer 187

They both focussed on working class boys. 'The lads' and 'The macho lads'. They rejected middle class because they could see the inequality within education

Answer 188

We live in a meritocratic society so it is up to the individual to achieve - Interactionism

Answer 189

The higher a child's class of origin, the higher their family income. High income can provide many educational advantages. This is sometimes referred to as economic capital

Answer 190

You can pray for private education, afford to move house to be in a certain catchment area, can afford a tutor or resources such as textbooks and online courses

Answer 191

Children in poverty often live in cramped, cold and unhealthy conditions.

Answer 192

found that money makes a difference to children's educational achievements; poorer children have worse cognitive, social-behaviour and health outcomes in part because they are poorer

Answer 193

School is free up to age 19 but there are still many hidden costs of sending a child to school and poorer working class families may struggle to meet these costs. These amount to £1614 per year. Books, pens, school meals, trips, uniform, pay money for non-uniform day

Answer 194

Cannot afford books/pens so cannot take notes, cannot afford lunch so are less focussed

Answer 195

Cannot afford nutritional food so may experience illness from bad food, leads to time off school, hard to catch up. May get illness due to living situation - too cold inside no heating

Answer 196

Poor housing can cause illness - mould/damp, can't put heating on, effects child's wellbeing. Overcrowding - cannot get time to revise or do homework alone

Answer 197

Mental pressure can cause mental health problems. Children working part time to provide, less time spent on schoolwork

Answer 198

Cost to apply through UCAS, extremely expensive, will stay at home whilst studying but it costs money to commute, fear of debt

Answer 199

Effects of it can be cumulative, one aspect of deprivation leads to another: - An inability to afford school uniform, school trips, transport, classroom materials and textbooks leads to children being isolated and bullied - Children living in damp and overcrowded conditions are likely to underperform & are susceptible to illness - A low income reduces the likelihood of a computer with internet access, a desk, educational toys, books, space to do homework and a comfortable heated home. The better, well resourced, over-subscribed schools exist in more affluent areas and WC struggle to afford housing in the catchment areas of the popular schools

Answer 200

- Are more likely to apply to the nearest university for financial reasons - Once at university, WC students are more likely to have to find part-time employment and as a result this can impact on their performance - At Oxbridge, students aren't allowed paid employment during term time. This may put many WC off from applying

Answer 201

Free school meals, bursaries, Educational Maintenance Allowance

Answer 202

Parents have different norms and values. The theory suggests that WC parents have values, attitudes and behaviours that differ from MC culture (habitus) of the education system. WC culture is seen as deficient and the children from these families underperform because of this. Socialisation is key to this process according to cultural deprivation theories, many WC families fail to socialise their children adequately. These children grow up culturally deprived.

Answer 203

Language, values and class identities

Answer 204

Identifies differences between WC and MC language that influences achievement. He argues that there is a distinct difference in the speech codes used by the working and middle classes

Answer 205

Typically used by the WC - limited vocabulary, based on short and often unfinished, grammatically simple sentences, sometimes only using a gesture

Answer 206

Typically used by the middle class - wider vocabulary based on longer and grammatically more complex sentences, speech is more varied and communicates abstract ideas

Answer 207

A child with an elaborated speech code may do better. A teacher will be more willing to help them because they are polite. They may also achieve better in subjects which acquire essay writing as they will have a larger vocabulary and can easily understand questions that are being asked

Answer 208

He identified 4 features of the WC that act as a barrier to their children's educational attainment. They are: fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orentation

Answer 209

A belief in fate - "what will be will be" accept position rather than trying to improve it. This leads to underachievement because this will cause them not to try and will lead them to being stuck in a position of failing

Answer 210

Valuing being part of a group, working together provides more gains than individual effort. This leads to underachievement because they may rely on other people to do the work, this means that they aren't learning so in an exam will not know what to write

Answer 211

Seeking pleasures now rather than making sacrifices for the future. This leads to underachievement because they will be more focused on things that are pleasures, this means they will not revise so will underachieve

Answer 212

A lack of emphasis on long term goals and future planning. This leads to underachievement because without future planning they will have no goals/target grades, causing them to not care and do worse

Answer 213

- Many WC parents are very concerned and ambitious for their children's success. They are less involved because they don't have the knowledge to support their children to success (cultural capital) - Schools themselves play an important role. Internal factors such as labelling can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy causing a child to underachieve - Keddie argues there is no cultural deprivation, just cultural difference, the problem is that schools are based on MC ideas. We can solve this by incorporating different teaching styles and different types of work to be completed.

Answer 214

WC identities are formed outside school, then interact with school and its values to produce educational success and failure. Bourdieu used habitus to explain this

Answer 215

This could be through living in the same area or a result of parenting and family lifestyle. These are then brought to school. Those with a WC habitus will struggle more because the education system is set up for MC values. MC children will have more cultural capital because of their parents knowledge of the education system. Symbolic capital

Answer 216

Archer found that WC pupils felt that they needed to change how they spoke to be educationally successful. They reacted to this through investing in Nike identities. They were marginalised so created their own identities. Many WC students believe that elite unis are not for them and that they wouldn't fit in. This comes from their habitus and leads them to exclude themselves. Marxists would say this is part of the ISA to allow for only middle and upper class to go to top unis

Answer 217

WC children were heavily impacted due to internal factors such as not being able to afford a laptop for online lessons and not being able to afford a tutor to catch up on lost learning. However, the government brought in policies to fix this such as 'catch up premium' and the 'national tutoring programme'. Covid didn't affect the MC and upper class as heavily because they had resources to provide education in the home

Answer 218

That despite gender those on free school meals still perform worse than students who are not on free school meals

Answer 219

- Girls do better than boys in the national curriculum in English and Science and outperform boys in language and literacy - In 2019, 4.8% of grades awarded to girls were grade 9s VS 3.6% for boys - 25% of grades received by girls were a 7 or above, compared to 20% for boys. 66% of girls achieved a pass or better compared to 61.5% of boys - In 2021, girls overtook boys in maths at every level - Girls are more successful than boys in most GSCE subjects. 70% of girls get A*-C compared to 54% boys - Men are overrepresented in STEM subjects - Female students are more likely to get a 1st and upper 2nd class degree

Answer 220

Explanations for the huge improvement in the performance of girls

Answer 221

- The women's movement, feminism and equality in the family - Changes in women's employment - Girls' changing ambition

Answer 222

Achieved considerable success in improving the rights and raising self-esteem of women. They have challenged the view of women as housewives with more people becoming aware of patriarchy. This has led to major changes in the family: the symmetrical family being one. Young and Wilmott claim that there is now equality within the family with joint conjugal roles. To achieve this independence, women need well paid jobs and good qualifications

Answer 223

+ Changes in law: Equality Act 2010, Liberal feminism and the gender pay gap, march of progress + Girls try harder to get better quals to get better jobs then more pay and financial independence, changes in family structure - SPF, same sex - Glass ceiling - Traditional values - still present, women should stay at home and men earn more. Radical feminists say there is more symmetry

Answer 224

There have been changes in women's employment: Equal Pay Act makes it illegal to pay women less than men for work of equal value and the Sex Discrimination Act which outlaws discrimination at work. They pay gap between men and women has halved and the proportion of women in paid employment has risen. Some women are now breaking through the glass ceiling. These changes have encouraged girls to see their future in terms of paid work rather than housewives

Answer 225

+ More opportunities for girls in college --> extra-curricular groups, girls in STEM + More career paths e.g., STEM shown in the media + Quotas for certain jobs - positive discrimination policies (have to interview a certain amount of women) - Still discrimination --> gender pay gap e.g., Icelandic women's strike - Still underrepresentation of females as CEOs

Answer 226

There have been growing opportunities for women in the service sector as jobs have increased in these areas. Girls have then become more ambitious; many girls grow up with mothers in paid full time employment Sharpe found in 1976 girls' priorities were love, marriage, husband, children, jobs and careers in that order. When she repeated in 194 they had changed to be a job, career and supporting themselves

Answer 227

+ Programmes to get girls into STEM + Postmodernism --> changing identity+structure of gender no longer applies - Need to consider individual cultural values WPW and Purdah - Double disadvantage - post structural feminism has an impact on self-esteem

Answer 228

Policies have been implemented in education such as removing gender bias from teaching resources, thus removing stereotypes in the curriculum. Campaigns such as WISE (Women Into Science and Engineering) GIST (Girls In Science and Technology) challenge gender bias in subjects

Answer 229

+ National curriculum standardised education so that everyone learns the same subjects - Still gender differences in subject choices

Answer 230

Marketisation policies have created a more competitive climate in which schools see girls as desirable recruits because they achieve better exam results. Jackson notes that the introduction of league tables has improved opportunities for girls: high achieving girls are attractive to schools, whereas low achieving boys are not. Girls are recruited by good schools so are more likely to do well

Answer 231

+ Becker came up with the idea of labelling + Cream skimming - Bartiett and LeGrande and silt shifting, allows for more funding - better grades, more students, better teachers - Schools are held accountable by public and the Equality Act means cream skimming is illegal, preventing discrimination

Answer 232

We neglect those that underachieve. We often overlook social class differences as suggested by Perry and Francis. Girls still tend to choose subjects which are considered to be feminine - Arts subjects which shape gendered career paths. Women are still less likely than men with similar qualifications to achieve similar levels of success in employment. Women 16-24 are now more qualified than men, holding degree qualifications or higher

Answer 233

Conflict between WC feminine identities and the values and ethos of the school. Symbolic capital refers to the status and self-worth we got from others. By performing WC feminine identities girls gained symbolic capital from their peers yet this prevented them from getting educational capital. She identified strategies adopted by the girls to give them a sense of self

Answer 234

Hyper sexual feminine identities - many girls invest considerable time and money into constructing a desirable and sexual feminine identity e.g., clothing and makeup. This gained them status and avoided them being branded as not having correct things. However, this leads to problems in schools as girls are punished for this. Schools make them outsiders. Bourdieu described this as symbolic violence, this is the harm done by denying someone symbolic capital Boyfriends - while having a boyfriend brought symbolic capital it got in the way of school work and lowered a girl's aspirations for academic success. Girls may drop out after getting pregnant Being loud - some WC adopt a loud feminine identity which leads to them being outspoken, independent and assertive. They may question the teacher's authority and this does not fit into the view of the ideal submissive pupil WC are faced with the dilemma either gain symbolic capital or educational capital

Answer 235

It can be argued that it is due to class. E.g., cannot afford textbooks, have a part time job to support family, health issues from living situation etc.

Answer 236

Some girls lacked confidence in their ability and felt undervalued in the classroom. The researchers used high-achieving girls in two primary schools in South Wales and found that they played down their academic ability to appear more attractive to boys

Answer 237

Since the 1980s there a decline in heavy industries such as steel, shipbuilding and mining. Mac and Ghail argue this led to an identity crisis for men as they believe there is little prospect of getting a proper job. This undermines their self esteem and motivation to work AO3: This doesn't apply to all skilled workers e.g., MC. Cannot generalise to say all boys are unmotivated

Answer 238

There is evidence to suggest that teachers are not as strict with boys as that are with girls and this allows boys to get away with being disruptive - it becomes a SFP

Answer 239

Mac and Ghail suggests that peer pressure encourages boys to maintain a masculine identity which is partly developed through a resistance to school - they see hard work as feminine. AO3: Not all boys are in a WC subculture

Answer 240

Boys and girls feel differently about their ability - boys usually overestimate their ability and girls underestimate theirs. Barber found that boys don't try as they feel bright and capable - if they do not achieve success they blame the teacher

Answer 241

Boys run around playing football and stay indoors playing computer games and girls are more likely to socialise with friends and read. The value of talking cannot be ignored - girls are developing linguistic and reasoning skills Girls are more likely to read, boys see it as feminine and boring. Reading is feminised by our culture women are bigger consumers of books and women are more likely to read to the children

Answer 242

- Some argue that boys lack role models in schools as there are a shortage of male primary school teachers - 2021 data finds that only 15% of primary school teachers are male - Previous research found that 39% of 8-11 year olds have no lessons with male teachers yet 42% of boys said male teachers make them behave better and work harder - Some say this is because primary teaching has become feminised

Answer 243

Found 2/3 7-8 year olds believed the gender of the teacher didn't matter

Answer 244

Challenged the idea that primary education has been feminised and argued both males and females can apply authoritarian discourse (authority is made explicit through their voice) or a liberal discourse (authority is invisible treat students as equal). She found although some people regard the authoritarian discourse as masculine most teachers favour this approach

Answer 245

Found women have only a one in four chance of getting a headship, this shows whilst there may be more women, they are not in management roles

Answer 246

There is a moral panic surrounding the underachievement of boys. She argues that this has led to policy shifts that have narrowed equal opportunity policy focussing solely on gender rather than class or ethnicity

Answer 247

Also notes that by focussing on boys we are overlooking girls as most are doing better

Answer 248

Reading champions 2007 and engaging fathers initiative 2004

Answer 249

Useing positive power of peer influence to get reluctant readers, specifically boys, into reading. Schools recruit boys, particularly those who have a high profile among pupils, to become Reading Champions. These Reading Champions encourage other boys to get into reading by running positive reading activities and promotions. Schools can nominate the boys for bronze, silver and then gold awards which provide recognition for their achievement to keep them motivated

Answer 250

A push for all educational staff to focus more on the home - school policy. To ensure that schools engage effectively with fathers as well as mothers, so both are aware of what is happening in their child's life. A detailed and regularly updated database on fathers that identifies contact info, interests, engagements with the school and ways in which fathers may be able to help their child. This has been seen as a way to improve boy's educational expectations

Answer 251

- The introduction of the national curriculum reduced students' freedom to choose or drop subjects - When students can choose, they usually follow 'gender routes' and there are clear differences at A level, GCSE and vocational courses - During A levels, males are more likely to do business, economics, politics, chemistry, physics and DT - Females are likely to choose English, drama, MFL, humanities and social sciences This can also be seen at degree level

Answer 252

Oakley - parents socialise passive children into traditional gender roles. There are distinct gender roles that come from culture causing children to pick traditional subjects

Answer 253

Teachers and career advisors may give advice rooted in gender based and internalised stereotypes of which subjects are perceived to be more feminine or masculine. Food tech - Girls DT and IT - Boys

Answer 254

Colley - gender perceptions of subject influence how that subject is seen. Peer groups often subscribe to gender stereotypes and may encourage girls to choose more traditionally feminine subjects and vice versa

Answer 255

Would say that traditionally feminine subjects are pushed onto girls to enforce the patriarchy. Subjects 'for girls' are seen as easy/unimportant

Answer 256

Males and females are drawn to different subjects based on their gender identity e.g., English is seen as feminine so girls choose this as it reaffirms their feminine identity and boys may find it challenges their masculine identity

Answer 257

ICT is seen as a male subject as it requires more independent learning, which males prefer

Answer 258

Connell argues that schools help construct individuals' gender and sexual identity. Schools may contribute towards "hegemonic masculinity" - this is the dominance of heterosexual masculine identity and the subordination of female and homosexual identities.

Answer 259

Double standards, the male gaze, male peer groups, teachers and discipline, female peer groups and policing identity, verbal abuse

Answer 260

This is when we apply one set of moral standards to one group and not another. Lees identified a double standard when looking at male and females' sexual exploits. If a girl dresses provocatively and speaks a certain way they are labelled 'slags' by their peers and males are seen as heroes if they have many sexual conquests

Answer 261

That it enforces misogyny towards women and is a way to keep a divide between men and women. Men have power and women don't

Answer 262

Connell argues there is a rich vocabulary of abuse that reinforce gender identities. Lees argues that girls are labelled 'slags' if sexually available and 'drags' if not

Answer 263

There is also the visual way that pupils control each other's identities. Mac and Ghail refers to this as the male gaze; this is the way male pupils and teachers look at girls as sexual objects, looking them up and down and making judgements about their appearance. Mac and Ghail argues that this devalues femininity and promotes masculinity through male surveillance. AO3: We can argue there is a female gaze - adverts

Answer 264

Reinforce masculinity, we can see this in studies we gave looked at such as Willis and Mac and Ghails studies. Mac and Ghail found that the dominant view of masculine identity changes from 'macho lads' in lower school to 'real Englishmen' in sixth form

Answer 265

Teachers play a role in shaping gender identity. Mac and Ghail found that male teachers told boys off for 'behaving like girls' and teased them if they got lower marks than girls in a test. This can also be seen when male teachers come to the rescue of female teachers from disruptive students

Answer 266

Archer's study on symbolic capital shows how peer groups in schools impact on students' identity. Boys give girls symbolic capital, which can also lead to risks such as 'slut shaming' for those who chase boys and 'frigid shaming' for those who don't

Answer 267

Feminists would say that we are ow in an age in which men's opinion is less valued because women have the power to be independent

Answer 268

Lawson and Garrod define ethnic groups as "people who share common history, customs and identity, as well as in most cases, language and religion and they see themselves as a distinct unit"

Answer 269

- 2021 Census - UK is more culturally diverse than ever, 14% were born outside the UK, the most common being India, Poland and Pakistan - Minority ethnic backgrounds make up about 21% of pupils in England

Answer 270

Chinese students have the highest rate of getting a 5 or above (83.8%) whereas Roma have the lowest (9.1%)

Answer 271

Class background is important because it highlights whether someone is able to afford school resources or are in a good school which will affect their overall achievement. There are many factors e.g., class, area, family, labelling

Answer 272

- EMG are more likely than white pupils to go to university - many EMG cultures see it as extremely important to get a good education - Afro Caribbean boys are least likely to continue their studies - White males are increasingly becoming a cause of concern within education - pupil subcultures - Afro-Caribbean boys are more likely to be excluded from school and more likely to be in lower streams

Answer 273

Sees underachievement of some ethnic groups as the result of inadequate socialisation in the home. This argument has 3 main aspects

Answer 274

Language skills, values and attitudes, family structures

Answer 275

Bernstein said for some south Asian students, English may not be their first language therefore they may speak in a restricted code

Answer 276

Sugarman said it is argued to be a lack of motivation for the cause of failure in many black children as they are socialised into the fatalistic 'live for today' attitude that does not value education

Answer 277

Modood identified that black families have a slightly higher proportion of single parent families headed by a single mother, leading to a lack of a male role model. New Right put forward similar explanations arguing the high rate of lone parenthood has led to underachievement of some minorities

Answer 278

SPF creates perverse incentives and a subculture that opposes work. The sense of fatalism will mean the children will not try hard within education. They would say that they'd see their parents living off benefits thinking that it is the right thing to do and repeat the behaviour

Answer 279

Tony Sewell argues it is not the absence of a father as a male role model that leads to black boys underachieving. It is street gangs of fatherless boys who offer 'perverse loyalty and love'. Many black boys are subject to powerful anti-educational peer group pressure. Sewell argues that black students do worse than their Asian counterparts because of differences in socialisation and attitudes to education. Asian families are perceived to have an 'Asian work ethic'. Most research focusses on black family structures however white WC pupils often underachieve and have low aspirations

Answer 280

Keddie sees cultural deprivation theory as a victim blaming explanation. She argues ethnic minority children are culturally different not culturally deprived

Answer 281

Poverty, lack of material necessities, adequate housing and income lead to underachievement

Answer 282

- EMG 2x likely to be unemployed - 1/2 Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7 per hour compared to 25% of whites - Purdah prevents women from working outside the home, mean that they rely on one income to support the family - Asylum seeks may not be allowed to work on paid employment - Indian pupils whose achievement tends to be higher are likely to be from better off backgrounds and attend private education - Indians and whites tend to do better in education as they have a higher social class position

Answer 283

If a parent is working different shifts they are likely to not be around their child as much as someone who works set times. This means that a child may underachieve because they cannot ask for help on things like homework. Pakistani and Bangladeshi workers are more likely to work this shift work cuasing low performance in those groups. If a parent is low paid they cannot afford resources of their child or to be in the catchment area of a good school

Answer 284

He said that black families are most likely to have a single other SPF which means there is a single income causing material deprivation

Answer 285

- We may over-estimate the effect of cultural deprivation and underestimates the effect of poverty and material deprivation. - Indian and Chinese pupils who are materially deprived still do better than most. 86% of Chinese girls who received free school meals achieved 5 high grade GCSEs compared to 65% of white girls who were not on free school meals - This suggested that material deprivation and social class do not completely override the influence of ethnicity

Answer 286

The ISA is made to keep people from achieving in education to create a divide between the proletariat and bourgeoisie

Answer 287

Discrimination often leads to social exclusion, and this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. There is also evidence of discrimination in employment. Wood

Answer 288

Discrimination is a continuing and persistent experience of British Citizens of ethnic minority origin

Answer 289

Sent identical letters of enquiry about future employment using fake surnames "Evans" and "Patel". More companies responded and were more encouraging with the white candidate. This explains why they may face high unemployment

Answer 290

Made it illegal to discriminate against somebody because of the colour of their skin, race or ethnic or national background

Answer 291

Legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society

Answer 292

Labelling and teacher racism, pupil identities , pupil responses and subcultures

Answer 293

Teachers often see black and Asian students as being far from the 'ideal pupil'

Answer 294

Gillborn and Youdell found teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils and teachers held 'radicalised expectations' that they would present more discipline problems and threaten or challenge authority. In turn black pupils felt teachers underestimated their ability and picked on them. This may explain thigh high rate of internal exclusions were they are sent out of class, permanent exclusions and a number of black students placed in pupil referral units

Answer 295

Gilbourn and Youdell also found that in the A-C economy teachers focus on students most likely to achieve a grade C and above at GCSE. This often results in black pupils being placed in lower sets and streams

Answer 296

Teachers label Afro-Caribbean students in a certain way which causes underachievement through the self-fulfilling prophecy. When the child strategies or disrupts lessons, the teacher will turn to punishment first because they have labelled them as disruptive based on their race

Answer 297

Asian students could also be the victims of labelling. Teachers would often assume that they would have a poor grasps of English and left them out of classroom discussions. Asian students felt teachers sometimes disapproved of their customs and mispronounced their names. Asian students were not seen as a threat like black students but marginalised and prevented from participating in class

Answer 298

Argues that teachers have a 'dominant discourse' (way of seeing something). This discourse constructs 3 different types of pupil identities

Answer 299

The ideal, pathologised and demonised pupil

Answer 300

Middle class white pupil (Education system is unfair because the EMG isn't recognised as the ideal pupil)

Answer 301

Asian pupils are identified as deserving poor with a feminised oppressed sexuality. This pupil is seen as conformist and culture bound, an achiever through hard work rather than natural ability

Answer 302

A black or white WC hyper sexualised identity. This pupil is seen as unintelligent, peer led and culturally deprived underachiever

Answer 303

Carried out a study on a group of black girls in year 11 of a London comprehensive school. They were untypical as they were high achievers, but most had been placed in low streams. However, instead of accepting the label of themselves, they channelled their anger into the pursuit of educational success and conformed, but only asa far as schoolwork was concerned

Answer 304

Schools and colleges routinely discriminate against ethnic minority groups through institutional racism. Gillborn sees ethnic inequality as 'so deep rooted and so large that it is practically an inevitable feature of the education system'

Answer 305

- Marketisation and segregation - The ethnocentric curriculum - Assessment - Access to opportunities

Answer 306

negative stereotypes about pupil's influences decisions about school admissions

Answer 307

Research concluded that segregation of ethnic minority pupils led to them failing to get into better secondary schools. Primary schools were also seen to screen out pupils with language difficulties, while the application process itself was difficult for non-English speaking parents to understand

Answer 308

- Racist bias in interviews for school places - Lack of information in minority languages - Ethnic minority parents often unsure as to how systems work e.g., waiting lists

Answer 309

Parents have lot their choice because they should be able to choose schools but are screened out based on language difficulties

Answer 310

Schools are actively cream-skimming and trying to get the pupils who will achieve the best results

Answer 311

Tailored towards White British students. History focuses on British history, English focuses on British writers e.g., Shakespeare and Dickens

Answer 312

Describes an attitude or policy that gives priority to the culture and viewpoint of one particular ethnic group while disregarding others

Answer 313

Literature - British writers (Shakespeare and Dickens) MFL - all European e.g., Spanish, French and German History - British history Asian languages aren't taught

Answer 314

The curriculum promotes an attitude of 'little Englishmen'. The history curriculum tries to create a mythical age of empires and past glories.

Answer 315

We now study things such as the slave trade yet it is still not wholly incluseive

Answer 316

Gillborn argues that the assessment game is rigged so as to validate the dominant cultures superiority. Ge gives the example of Baseline Assessments which sued to be conducted as soon as a child started school in reception. These were then replaced in 2003 by the Foundation Stage Profile which are based purely on teacher's judgements of a pupil and were only carried out at the end of reception. Almost immediately black children were seen to be doing worse in these tests

Answer 317

- Sewell rejects Gillborn's view that internal factors fail a large number of ethnic minority pupils. Instead, he says that this is not powerful enough to prevent individuals form succeeding. In this view we need to focus on external factors such as anti-school attitudes, peer groups and the role of the father - Critics also point to the fact that there is 'overachievement' by ethnic minorities such as Indian and Chinese. If there was institutional racism how would these groups do so well?

Answer 318

Was created with the aim of meeting the needs of more able pupils in inner city schools. Students who were seen to be gifted in the top 5% of students were put on the programmed and mentored. It was designed to ensure these students were challenged and reacher their full potential. Gillborn notes that white children were 2x as likely as Black Caribbean and 5x as likely Black Africa children to be entered

Answer 319

Research shows that black pupils are more likely than white to be entered for lower tier GCSE exams due to being placed in lower sets. Black pupils are systematically under represented in higher tiers for maths and science

Answer 320

Gillborn argues that teachers make false assumptions about the nature of pupil's ability or potential. They see potential as a fixed quality that can be easily measured allowing them to be placed in the appropriate stream. Many schools use the old IQ test to assess this potential

Answer 321

Intelligence isn't fixed, there are also different forms of intelligence

Answer 322

Policy means it is illegal, they have more funding for programmes to have diverse students e.g., scholarships in university.

Answer 323

Shultz - Viewed the function of education as the development of human capital. Investment in education benefits the wider economy, as education can provide properly trained, qualified and flexible workforce. He argued that modern education system has reacted to a developing technologically advanced society by expanding education to meet the needs of society. This ensures higher economic productivity for society by allowing financial return for individual citizens e.g., higher paying jobs for more skills

Answer 324

Schools required to publish number of students that achieved A-C grades across English, Maths, Science, MFL and Humanities

Answer 325

This allows students to gain a wide range of knowledge which can be applied to many sectors. This develops their human capital and provides workers for each sector, MFL extremely valuable and allows for international connections within the workforce

Answer 326

Focus on workplace experience. Such as apprenticeships that combine work, training and education

Answer 327

This sets students up for the workplace, allowing them to gain skills which they wouldn't get in a classroom. This investment in human capital creates a properly trained and qualified workforce

Education - Paper 1 Flashcards

Paper 1 (358 cards)