Egocentrism and Justice

Question 1

What is justice?

Answer 1

Different arguments and ideas exist on what is just and unjust, influenced by society, culture, and history.

Question 2

Define egocentrism.

Answer 2

Being uninterested in other people’s beliefs, interests, and attitudes; self-centeredness.

Question 3

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 3

The belief that one’s ethnic or cultural group is superior to others, judging everything from that perspective.

Question 4

List the three tools to destabilize our certainties.

Answer 4

• Sociological imagination
• Cultural ethnography
• History

Question 5

What does sociological imagination entail?

Answer 5

Moving from personal space to social space to understand the social world.

Question 6

Who promoted the concept of sociological imagination?

Answer 6

C. Wright Mills.

Question 7

What is the connection between biography and society according to C. Wright Mills?

Answer 7

Private problems can be understood through larger social processes.

Question 8

Give an example of sociological imagination regarding divorce.

Answer 8

High rates of divorce suggest issues in the ordering of society.

Question 9

What does cultural ethnography focus on?

Answer 9

Moving from our place to other places and examining cultural differences.

Question 10

Define culture as per Ball & Carpenter.

Answer 10

The shared products of human society that impact how societies are arranged.

Question 11

What are tangible cultural artifacts?

Answer 11

Institutions, art, literature, and other material things.

Question 12

What are intangible cultural artifacts?

Answer 12

Language and skills.

Question 13

What does Marcel Mauss say about human actions?

Answer 13

Actions like eating and walking are shaped by social and cultural education.

Question 14

What is ‘prestigious imitation’?

Answer 14

The process where individuals borrow movements from others’ actions.

Question 15

How does culture influence biological differences?

Answer 15

Many biological differences are shaped by cultural factors, such as nutrition.

Question 16

What does Claude Levi-Strauss argue about the sexual division of labor?

Answer 16

It is a cultural device to create dependency among sexes.

Question 17

What is the minimum age of criminal responsibility in Australia?

Answer 17

10 years, with some states proposing to raise it to 12 or 14.

Question 18

What is doli incapax?

Answer 18

A legal principle that presumes children under a certain age cannot be held criminally responsible.

Question 19

How has the perception of children in the criminal justice system changed?

Answer 19

Children are seen both as vulnerable victims and as potential threats.

Question 20

What is the significance of youth subcultures?

Answer 20

They express generational consciousness and resistance to adult society.

Question 21

What historical change occurred in the perception of childhood?

Answer 21

The romantic idea of childhood as ‘close to nature’ emerged in the 18th century.

Question 22

What is the impact of social understanding on childhood?

Answer 22

It shapes perceptions of innocence and danger associated with children.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The sociological imagination allows us to move from personal space to _______.

Answer 23

[social space]

Question 24

True or False: Ethnocentrism encourages understanding of other cultures.

Answer 24

False.

Question 25

What did Emile Durkheim study in relation to suicide?

Answer 25

How individual actions are linked to social relations and influenced by external factors.

Question 26

What is the purpose of studying history in sociology?

Answer 26

To understand how social structures differ across time rather than to show progression.

Question 27

Give an example of how cultural practices can influence perceptions of punishment.

Answer 27

Some cultures focus on restitution rather than punishment.

Question 28

What subculture followed the Punk scene in the United Kingdom?

Answer 28

The New Romantics ## Footnote The New Romantics were characterized by different types of music, clothing, and makeup, blurring gender lines.

Question 29

How was the Punk scene viewed?

Answer 29

Aggressive and confrontational, but not associated with criminal violence

Question 30

What historical idea of childhood emerged in the 18th century?

Answer 30

An expression of innocence

Question 31

What significant change in the perception of childhood occurred in the 19th century?

Answer 31

The expression of childhood as 'separate' from adulthood

Question 32

What were high infant mortality rates and wet nurses common in the 18th century?

Answer 32

Due to many infants being fed by one wet nurse, often in rural locations and poor conditions

Question 33

According to Philippe Aries, what was the perception of childhood before the Middle Ages?

Answer 33

The idea of childhood did not exist; children were fully part of society by age 7

Question 34

What roles did children play in wars historically?

Answer 34

Messengers or drummer boys

Question 35

At what age did the Church declare children could discern right and wrong?

Answer 35

7 years

Question 36

What was common regarding family living arrangements in historical contexts?

Answer 36

Family members shared beds and rooms with little separation of roles by age

Question 37

What technological development contributed to the idea of childhood as a developmental phase?

Answer 37

The printing press

Question 38

How did increased literacy rates affect childhood?

Answer 38

Introduced the idea of shielding children from adult 'secrets', particularly relating to sex

Question 39

What change occurred to pornography in the 19th century?

Answer 39

It became visual, requiring greater effort by adults to protect childhood innocence

Question 40

What does understanding criminal responsibility in a social context help destabilize?

Answer 40

Ideas about youth offending as merely an individual issue

Question 41

What does recognizing youth culture as distinct help us understand?

Answer 41

That difference is not actually a direct threat

Question 42

What does the minimum age of criminal responsibility reflect?

Answer 42

Societal changes over time

Question 43

What is the minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?

Answer 43

10 years

Question 44

What is the minimum age of criminal responsibility in Brazil, Luxembourg, Peru, and Uruguay?

Answer 44

18 years

Question 45

What is likely regarding the debate on the minimum age of criminal responsibility?

Answer 45

It will likely continue for some time

Question 46

What does the ‘sociological imagination’ encourage us to do?

Answer 46

Analyze social contexts

Question 47

What does ‘cultural ethnography’ promote?

Answer 47

Understanding cultures

Question 48

What does ‘the history of the present’ reveal?

Answer 48

Insights into our understanding of justice

Question 49

Fill in the blank: The minimum age of criminal responsibility varies widely, from ______ in some states of the United States.

Answer 49

six years