Egypt 1890-1914

Question 1

Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring), Consul-General of Egypt (1883–1907)

Answer 1

Education spending reduced to 3% of budget by 1901 (down from 9.5% in 1889).

Question 2

Denshawai Incident

Answer 2

1906 - Villagers clashed with British officers hunting pigeons; one officer died of heatstroke.
In retaliation, 4 villagers were executed and others flogged publicly

The event became a symbol of colonial injustice and radicalized Egyptian opinion.

Question 3

Lord Cromer resigned

Answer 3

1907

Question 4

Rise of Egyptian Nationalism

Answer 4

Revival of al-Hizb al-Watani (National Party)

Called for the end of British occupation and supported the Khedive.

Question 5

National Egyptian party founded

Answer 5

1894 by Mustafa Kamil and revived after Densawai Incident and Cromer’s resignation

Question 6

aims of National Egyptian party

Answer 6

Called for the end of British occupation and supported the Khedive

Question 7

Saad Zaghlul

Answer 7

Education Minister (1906–1910) under Lord Cromer and Eldon Gorst

Question 8

Political beliefs of Saad Zaghlul

Answer 8

moderate nationalist

Question 9

key policies of Saad Zaghlul

Answer 9

1. increase employment of Egyptians in the Civil Service and Education

2.Language Reform in Education

3. Expansion of Access to Education
4. Support for Legal and Administrative Reform

Question 10

increase of Egyptian representation in civil service evidence

Answer 10

By 1910 - Egyptian officials constituted approximately 75% of administrative posts in education-related government departments, an increase from under 50% a decade earlier

Promoted recruitment and training of Egyptian teachers: Between 1906–1910 - Egyptian teachers up by 30%

Question 11

language reform in education evidence

Answer 11

By 1910, over 70% of primary schools in Egypt taught primarily in Arabic, compared to around 50% before his reforms (UP 20%)

Supported expansion of Arab literary and historical curricula, fostering nationalist sentiments.

Question 12

expansion of education evidence

Answer 12

school enrollment:
Primary school enrollment increased from approximately 400,000 in 1905 to nearly 600,000 by 1910 (EXTRA 200,00 IN 5 YEARS)

Emphasized education for rural and lower-class Egyptians, aiming to reduce elite dominance.

Initiated new teacher training colleges, increasing the number of trained Egyptian educators by around 25% during his tenure.

Question 13

Support for Legal and Administrative Reform evidence

Answer 13

Worked with British officials such as Eldon Gorst to promote legal reforms that allowed for limited Egyptian participation in governance.
Advocated for greater Egyptian representation on local councils and administrative bodies.

While reforms were limited, the number of Egyptians on provincial councils increased from roughly 10% in 1900 to around 25% by 1910.

Question 14

George Bernard Shaw on Denshawai

Answer 14

described as “even the army of occupation must consider this barbarous” and going against the “law of Moses”