EH 2 Flashcards
(29 cards)
Crude Birth rate vs total fertility Rate
Crude birth rate –> Number of live births per 1000 population, Total fertility Rate –> average number of children a hypothetical women would be able to bear during her lifetime (age based)
Infant mortality rate
infant deaths before 1 year of age per 100 births in a year
Leading causes of infant mortality
Perinatal condition (from complication with pregnancy, labour, delivery, maternal factors, low birthweight, etc.), Congenital anomalies, ill-defined conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome, the majority of infant deaths occur during the first 28 days of life
Child mortality Rate
1 – 4 years of age deaths per 1000 live births, majority are related to accidents
Under 5 Mortality rate
under the age of 5 deaths per 100000 population, this is also the best indicator of health or development which is influences by socioeconomic disadvantages (housing, hygiene, sewage etc.) and health care factors
crude Death Rate
total deaths per 1000 population, Aboriginal and torres strait islanders are lower than the Australian crude death rate due to a larger elderly populaiton of the Austrlian population
Epidemiological Transition
Is the shift in the disease pattern in which “degenerative and manmade diseases displace pandemics of infection as the primary causes of morbidity and mortality”
What causes Epidemiological transition?
Rise in living standards, Improvements in hygiene, Introduction of antibiotics, Mass immunisation, Progress of medical knowledge and skills
Stages of Epidemiological transition?
Stage 1: Age of pestilence and famine, Stage 2: Age of receding pandemics, Stage 3: Age of degenerative and mand made disease, Stage 4: Age of delayed degenerative diseases, Stage 5: age of emergent and reemergent infections
demographic Transition
Explains population change over time. Societies that experience modernisation, progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern one in which both are low
Four stages of demographic transition
Preindustrial/premodern, Urbanising/industrialising, Mature industrial, post industrial
Main factors that affect Australian population structure?
Births, Deaths, Migration
Where are the gain being made in regard to reducing child deaths in the indigenous population?
A decrease in child death is mainly a result of reduced infant mortality
Obesity in mothers facts
1 in 5 mothers are obese –> decresed fertilitym complications during pregnancy, complcations during and after delivery, long term neonatal consequences
national Core maternity indicators 2013
(1) Smoking in pregnancy (2) Antenatal care in first trimester (3) Episiotomy (4) Apgar score of less than 7 at 5 minutes (5) Induction of labour (6) Caesarean section (7) Normal (non-instrumental) vaginal birth (8) Instrumental vaginal (9) General anaesthetic for caesarean section (10) Small babies among births at or after 40 weeks
Antenatal period Indicators
smoking in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy decreased from 12.9% to 9.5% between 2011 - 2016 –> 3 in 4 women continued smoking after the forst 20 weeks –> increase in antenatal care from 65.9% to 68.6% between 2011 and 2016
Leadin causes of death of under 1 years old and between 1 - 14
1 years old –> pareinatal and congenital conditions, other ill definied causes, SIDS, acceidental threats to breathing, influenza and pneumonia, 1- 14 years old –> land transport accidents, perinatal and congenital conditions, brain cancer, accidental drowning and submersion, leukemia
Role of health care before, during and after birth
Antenatal care: medical component/ education and preparation component During delivery – monitoring labour, analgesia and support, delivery baby and placenta, recognising problems Postnatal care, infant screening, vaccination and wild child checks
who provide antenatal care in Australia
Antenatal clinic at a hospital, Specialist antenatal clinic, Midwife managed ‘birthing centre’ at a hospital, Shared care with local GP or ACCHS, Community based ante natal care
Functions of good ANC
Pregnancy surveillance – monitor progress plan for delivery –> Educate about healthy lifestyle, pregnancy, delivery options, care of new baby –> Preventative interventions –> Early recognition and management of pregnancy related problems –> Manage pre-existing medical problems
What is involved in pregnancy surveillance
Confirming dates Dealing with common symptoms Monitoring growth and wellbeing of baby Checking foetal position – nearer term Delivery planning
What is involved in preventative strategies
Smoking Diet and alcohol Folic acid (preferably pre-conception) Checking Screening for infection Screening for fetal abnormalities Checking Hb and blood group Screening for fetal abnormalities
What is involved in early recognition and management of pregnancy
E.g. bleeding in pregnancy, pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancy
what is involved in Manage pre existing medical conditions
E.g. high blood pressure, Asthma, Epilepsy, diabetes, heart disease, depression
